tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-51022291764685526362024-03-13T12:42:20.081-07:00Health and Wellness BlogUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger15125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5102229176468552636.post-86395059191726900772018-01-08T02:30:00.000-08:002018-01-08T02:30:29.681-08:00Tympanic Membrane<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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What is Tympanic Membrane?</h3>
Tympanic membrane is also known as eardrum. It is a structure that makes up the middle ear. It is characterized by a thin cone-shaped membrane of pearly gray in color and is translucent. Eardrum can be found lying at the end of the external auditory canal and marks the lateral limits of the middle ear.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-AbCmaghq5sgfKu43jupoDfK38i2EyJuLSsMWLi-IBMhST5VArlSj_kes8OkI0XqNt6m-zu4fjoqd5LemQWyhECXnV96K4tiOHn375zdGq0so9gsQSRMUsVlhphVpUlldtiigiOgSMw6w/s1600/Tympanic+Membrane+position+in+the+ear.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="500" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-AbCmaghq5sgfKu43jupoDfK38i2EyJuLSsMWLi-IBMhST5VArlSj_kes8OkI0XqNt6m-zu4fjoqd5LemQWyhECXnV96K4tiOHn375zdGq0so9gsQSRMUsVlhphVpUlldtiigiOgSMw6w/s320/Tympanic+Membrane+position+in+the+ear.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Picture 1: </div>
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image source: hearinghealthmatters.org</div>
The edge of tympanic membrane is attached to tympanic annulus that almost encircles and holds the membrane in place. The upper portion where the ring is open is called the pars flaccid which receive no tension. Pars tensa is the majority of the membrane that is tightly stretched.<br />
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Tympanic Membrane Functions</h3>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Tympanic membrane physiologically functions to conduction of sound. It receives sound from the external air and transmits it to the auditory ossicles.</li>
<li>Tympanic membrane also acts as a shield from direct sound waves and also protects the mucosa of the middle ear from factors of the external environment.</li>
<li>Sound vibrations coming from the outer air is received by tympanic membrane and transmits them to the tiny bones, called auditory ossicles, in the tympanic cavity.</li>
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Tympanic Membrane Innervations</h3>
Tympanic membrane composed the middle ear or the tympanic cavity. This tympanic cavity is laterally compressed space inside the temporal bone. It is filled with air where it passes through the nasal part of the pharynx going to the auditory tube.<br />
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Tympanic cavity also consists of tiny chain of bones which are movable and is connected to the medial wall which is responsible in conveying vibrations to the tympanic membrane across the cavity to the internal ear.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-GBmGcivnAQHovDBm_L7x5P77jcN_-gS1hJDj0hIEoem_y2Z4gfwU-ZO8aShtFnoaq5uOsnvzum688QqnVSZAh4_ZhSAiMOEhhmtR0aVVhKABvAOuIWY-LZl9HBCITa42aND4t6FW6d_9/s1600/tymapnic+cavity.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Tympanic cavity which is just located behind the tympanic memberane picture." border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="500" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-GBmGcivnAQHovDBm_L7x5P77jcN_-gS1hJDj0hIEoem_y2Z4gfwU-ZO8aShtFnoaq5uOsnvzum688QqnVSZAh4_ZhSAiMOEhhmtR0aVVhKABvAOuIWY-LZl9HBCITa42aND4t6FW6d_9/s320/tymapnic+cavity.jpg" title="Tympanic cavity which is just located behind the tympanic memberane picture" width="320" /></a></div>
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picture 2: Tympanic cavity which is just located behind the tympanic memberane. </div>
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image source: i.vimeocdn.com</div>
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The arteries of the tympanic membrane originated from the deep auricular branch of the maxillary, stylomastoid branch of the posterior auricular, and from the tympanic branch of the internal maxillary. The ectodermal or outer surface is supplied with nerve by the auriculotemporal branch of the trigeminal nerve and by the auricular branch of the vagus nerve.<br />
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Nerve supplying the eardrum also supplies the external auditory meatus. Superficial veins of the membrane are open to the external jugular while those in the deep surface drains partly into the transverse sinus and veins of the dura mater and some part drains into the plexus on the auditory tube.<br />
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Tympanic Membrane Rupture/Perforation</h3>
<a href="https://the-health-wellness-blog.blogspot.in/2018/01/perforated-eardrum-ruptured-eardrum.html" target="_blank">Tympanic membrane rupture or perforation</a> is a condition of the middle ear characterized by a hole that is usually due to increased pressure stretching the eardrum to the limits. Pain is the most common symptom of a perforated ear however, when the eardrum ruptures, the pain decreases and mucopurulent discharge with blood appears in the external auditory canal.<br />
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Perforated eardrum heals on its own usually 2 weeks after the eardrum ruptured. Inflammatory process gradually regresses and restoration preceded by tympanic membrane healing and normal hearing is restored.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO5_8DATnmUchYptEfPE_hMMimzU5FTX_tFcX2ostcL8_jlJsFP3kZe1kSrgkCDMAmccg0robgrmNIqDyOnDER7sMzIgQe04O7hMRe7XvRUPmzYDaie5EIhp4JZX9kwoUdwADZ9Q5Ay8pL/s1600/perforated+ear+drum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="perforated eardrum disease picture" border="0" data-original-height="498" data-original-width="500" height="318" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiO5_8DATnmUchYptEfPE_hMMimzU5FTX_tFcX2ostcL8_jlJsFP3kZe1kSrgkCDMAmccg0robgrmNIqDyOnDER7sMzIgQe04O7hMRe7XvRUPmzYDaie5EIhp4JZX9kwoUdwADZ9Q5Ay8pL/s320/perforated+ear+drum.jpg" title="perforated eardrum disease picture" width="320" /></a></div>
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picture 3: Perforated eardrum</div>
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image source: sydneyentclinic.com</div>
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A hole or tear in the tympanic membrane can result to a hearing loss or various form of infection that when left untreated may lead to a more serious complication. Although tympanic membrane heals on its own within a week, there are case in which the perforation persists or do not heal for several months. Those that do not heal may require surgical intervention and while in the process of healing, it is important that infection may be prevented.<br />
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Pain is the most common symptom ranging from general discomfort to severe. There may be a consistent pain which may stop suddenly. Drainage of fluid from the external auditory canal may be observed and the fluid may be filled with blood and pus. The infection will cause the tympanic cavity to swell creating pressure greater than the pressure in the external auditory canal.<br />
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The increase in pressure will stress the tympanic membrane resulting in tight stretch until it reaches its maximum and rupture. Ringing in the ears or buzzing sound may be experience including bouts of dizzy spells or vertigo. Nausea and vomiting may also be experience due to onset of vertigo.<br />
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<b>Infection</b> is the most common cause of ruptured eardrum. Otitis media or middle ear infection will result to fluid accumulation and lead to pressure build up that can later on rupture the eardrum. Imbalance in the air pressure of the middle ear and the environment will stress the eardrum and cause it to rupture. This stress due to pressure imbalance is referred to as barotrauma.<br />
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Infection is not the only cause for ruptured eardrum, injury to the middle ear will also cause it to rupture. Injury may be in the form of direct slap to the ear or may be due traumas involving the head. Other form of injury to the tympanic membrane may also include foreign object being pushed into the middle ear.<br />
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The goal of <b>treating</b> perforated tympanic membrane is <b>pain alleviation and prevention of infection</b> which may lead to a more serious complication. The condition must be given medical attention as this may also result to impaired hearing or loss of hearing. Hearing loss is common in tympanic membrane rupture although it is temporary and resumes when the rupture is healed.<br />
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It is also very important to keep the ear dry to prevent further infection and give tympanic membrane some time to heal.</div>
ramuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17161124963688645220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5102229176468552636.post-39348473209157794592018-01-08T02:22:00.002-08:002018-01-08T02:22:54.802-08:00Ischemia - Definition and Types (cardiac or myocardial, cerebral, limb, intestinal)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Ischemia Definition</h3>
Ischemia is the result when there is inadequacy in blood flow causing an insufficiency in oxygen and nutrient that is vital for cellular metabolism due to restriction in blood supply. Restriction in blood supply brought subsequent damage or dysfunction to tissues. Ischemia is said to be due to blood vessels problem.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLxnNLUAFh4c7u-h_JRXm6xmWn2CxbU9M-wk8mzS8wnQB_KPiAyx7uQpgV6Be2CejPxEoDgobDglbaHSJ51VFW4jdDUDY2dtvyWeCaEKYBb2_VUxkVWiFtzCLnf3RZSmuokuoyWSFz7CL1/s1600/ischemia+in+heart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Ischemia in the artery of Heart which leads to heart attack disease pictures" border="0" data-original-height="474" data-original-width="500" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLxnNLUAFh4c7u-h_JRXm6xmWn2CxbU9M-wk8mzS8wnQB_KPiAyx7uQpgV6Be2CejPxEoDgobDglbaHSJ51VFW4jdDUDY2dtvyWeCaEKYBb2_VUxkVWiFtzCLnf3RZSmuokuoyWSFz7CL1/s320/ischemia+in+heart.jpg" title="Ischemia in the artery of Heart which leads to heart attack disease pictures" width="320" /></a></div>
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picture 1: Ischemia in the artery of Heart which leads to heart attack.</div>
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image source: heartsmartnow.com</div>
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Ischemia Time</h3>
In transplantation surgery, an organ or body part pulled out of the body has been temporarily cut off with blood supply and oxygen. Supply of blood and oxygen is vital to tissue, organ and body parts to maintain and keep it from functioning. Starvation from oxygen of tissues and organs in a period of twenty minutes will cause it to have irreversible damage.<br />
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Transplantation procedure requires two types of ischemic time which is very vital to maintain and keep the organ alive during the time of blood perfusion. Ischemic time types are:<br />
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Warm Ischemic Time is applying a room temperature to an organ or tissue after blood supply and oxygen has been cut off. The warm ischemic time is applied in two periods wherein one period is applied during retrieval of an organ from cross clamping until cold perfusion commenced while the other period is applied during implantation when the organ is removed from ice until reperfusion.<br />
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Cold Ischemic Time is the process of keeping the organ chilled during the absence of blood and oxygen supply while the organ is in transport and on standby for reperfusion. The organ is cooled down with a use of cold perfusion solution after it is removal during implantation procedure.<br />
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Cold ischemic time ends after the tissue reaches its physiological temperature when warm ischemic time begins until the completion of surgical procedure.<br />
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Types of Ischemia</h3>
Ischemia can happen to any part of the body. It can be described as acute or chronic. Acute ischemia is described to occur suddenly and requires immediate medical intervention or attention. Chronic ischemia on the other hand occurs over time and mostly to people with other underlying condition such as diabetes.<br />
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Pain is often the symptom of ischemia although an ischemia may occur without manifesting pain or even any warning and this is called silent ischemia.<br />
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Ischemia occurs more often and can be classified according to the location they occur and these are:</h4>
Myocardial Ischemia occurs when there is a decrease in the blood flow to the heart muscle whether by partial or complete blockage of the artery. Damage to the heart muscle due to ischemia can hamper or reduce the ability of the heart muscle to pump blood efficiently and blockage in the coronary artery may lead to heart attack.<br />
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The occurrence of myocardial ischemia may happen slowly when arteries are blocked overtime or may also occur abruptly when there is sudden blockage in the artery.<br />
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Cerebral Ischemia or brain ischemia occurs when there is insufficient oxygen or blood flow to the brain whether a part of the brain or a wide area in the brain. It is classified as focal when ischemia is confined in one part of the brain. Ischemia in the brain is classified as global when it encompasses a wide area of the brain.<br />
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Cerebral ischemia may lead to cerebral hypoxia which when not properly intervened can lead to cerebral infarction or ischemic stroke. Brain cells can die within a minute of oxygen starvation.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxj5JIvtqg0yT9XI9ZXUGNoMmkTMVhqL1DwD-etCO_NsKS4cbggFDIit8GX38v46Fgp-C5RbcyrBMgLJCHMg7WVO4B92PxWf7c8DWDaQoPkQ3Yrf-BIwdRCdElZI_eJ1YY4cgb0JboQQGk/s1600/ischemia+stroke+in+brain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Cerebral Ischemia which leads to oxygen imabalne in brain disease picture" border="0" data-original-height="379" data-original-width="406" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxj5JIvtqg0yT9XI9ZXUGNoMmkTMVhqL1DwD-etCO_NsKS4cbggFDIit8GX38v46Fgp-C5RbcyrBMgLJCHMg7WVO4B92PxWf7c8DWDaQoPkQ3Yrf-BIwdRCdElZI_eJ1YY4cgb0JboQQGk/s320/ischemia+stroke+in+brain.jpg" title="Cerebral Ischemia which leads to oxygen imabalne in brain disease picture" width="320" /></a></div>
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picture 2: Cerebral Ischemia which leads to oxygen imabalne in brain.</div>
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image source: iahealth.net</div>
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Intestinal Ischemia is a decreased blood flow in the intestine which can affect the small intestine or large intestine and can also affect both small and large intestine. This condition is serious and can be fatal. Intestinal ischemia may come in suddenly or slowly occurring overtime. Small intestine ischemia is termed as mesenteric ischemia. Ischemia of the large intestine often leads to inflammatory process known as ischemic colitis.<br />
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Limb Ischemia is a decreased blood flow in the limb often due to embolism or thrombosis in the artery of patient usually suffering from peripheral vascular disease. The ischemia may suddenly occur and referred as acute limb ischemia which can be treated through surgical procedures. Limb ischemia that requires amputation is in advance stage and is called critical limb ischemia which is due to ischemia associated with gangrene or non-healing ulcers.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYuS6IHjvpr31crEbIrG64ZNOyscbmfGzHiffkzlqmEseO0q4t7ogvnr6KCCeCSRyYKkCpSjcRNIAWQycRaFAdX_eTIB_UmayhqgHNmEk8MXhp-HkO6hWvlD0yRH57uXYM83DExbtxP_21/s1600/Limb+Ischemia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Limb Ischemia which leads to form Gangerines disease pictures" border="0" data-original-height="542" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYuS6IHjvpr31crEbIrG64ZNOyscbmfGzHiffkzlqmEseO0q4t7ogvnr6KCCeCSRyYKkCpSjcRNIAWQycRaFAdX_eTIB_UmayhqgHNmEk8MXhp-HkO6hWvlD0yRH57uXYM83DExbtxP_21/s320/Limb+Ischemia.jpg" title="Limb Ischemia which leads to form Gangerines disease pictures" width="295" /></a></div>
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picture 3: Limb Ischemia which leads to form Gangerines </div>
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image source: stemsupplement.com</div>
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Ischemia Symptoms</h3>
Symptoms of ischemia vary depending on the affected site of ischemia. The most common symptom of ischemia however, is pain regardless of the affected site.<br />
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Myocardial Ischemia symptoms:</h4>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Shortness in breath</li>
<li>Pain in the chest on the left side of the body</li>
<li>Neck and jaw pain</li>
<li>Sweaty and clammy skin</li>
<li>Shoulder and arm pain</li>
<li>Irregular pulse</li>
<li>Nausea and vomiting</li>
<li>Dizziness</li>
</ol>
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Cerebral Ischemia symptoms:</h4>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Ischemia within the internal carotid artery will manifest through symptoms like blindness in one eye, weakness in arm or legs and weakness on entire one side of the body.</li>
<li>Ischemia within the vertebral arteries will manifest with symptoms like dizziness, double vision, vertigo and weakness on both sides of the body.</li>
<li>Other symptoms include slurred speech, loss of coordination and difficulty speaking.</li>
</ol>
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Intestinal ischemia symptoms depend on onset and these are:</h3>
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Acute intestinal ischemia:</h4>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Sudden onset of severe abdominal pain</li>
<li>Nausea and vomiting</li>
<li>Fever</li>
<li>Abdominal distention</li>
<li>Urgent bowel movement accompanied with bloody stool</li>
</ol>
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Chronic Intestinal Ischemia:</h4>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Abdominal pain after eating</li>
<li>Weight loss associated with fear of pain after eating</li>
<li>Nausea and vomiting</li>
<li>Diarrhea or constipation</li>
<li>Bloating</li>
</ol>
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Ischemia Causes</h3>
Ischemia is due to factors predisposing an individual to suffer from it and these factors are:<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Heart disease</li>
<li>Diabetes</li>
<li>Vascular disease</li>
<li>High blood pressure</li>
<li>Age factor</li>
<li>Stress</li>
<li>Overweight or obesity</li>
<li>Eating habit</li>
<li>Cigarette smoking</li>
<li>Physical inactivity</li>
</ol>
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Ischemia Treatment</h3>
Treating ischemia is aimed at regulating blood flow to affected area to prevent further damage and these are:<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Surgical procedures required in removing and bypassing blocked vessels</li>
<li>Oxygen therapy</li>
<li>Drug treatment in preventing clotting</li>
<li>Medicine to manage pain</li>
<li>Thrombolytic drugs to dissolve clots</li>
<li>Blood vessel expansion</li>
</ol>
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ramuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17161124963688645220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5102229176468552636.post-27958746532017103232018-01-08T02:19:00.000-08:002018-01-08T02:19:51.015-08:00Retinitis Pigmentosa - Pictures, Symptoms, Cure (Treatment)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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What is Retinitis Pigmentosa?</h3>
Retinitis pigmentosa is an eye disease resulting from damage to the retina characterized by progressive loss of peripheral vision and night blindness and may lead to incurable blindness. It is a type of progressive retinal dystrophy and is a group of inherited disorders.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJq1TGVCuKsxFSXXVhgIa7Tr_K6oEsL0bk21MD6UtV3D3VmDOedrpKMMmjkQU4W8TJp44m-U7FkBmE-oXJe3Esawp2WhSO0jTbt9SD-YV8Iknl0FXVBw18weDmhBIgq7sWTCl_R-Plg7d3/s1600/Differences+between+normal+eye+and+Retinitis+Pigmentosa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Differenc between the normal eye and Retinitis pigmentosaaffected eye." border="0" data-original-height="247" data-original-width="500" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJq1TGVCuKsxFSXXVhgIa7Tr_K6oEsL0bk21MD6UtV3D3VmDOedrpKMMmjkQU4W8TJp44m-U7FkBmE-oXJe3Esawp2WhSO0jTbt9SD-YV8Iknl0FXVBw18weDmhBIgq7sWTCl_R-Plg7d3/s320/Differences+between+normal+eye+and+Retinitis+Pigmentosa.jpg" title="Differenc between the normal eye and Retinitis pigmentosaaffected eye." width="320" /></a></div>
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Picture 1: Difference between the normal eye and Retinitis pigmentosaaffected eye.</div>
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image source: williamsoneyeinstitute.com<br />
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Abnormalities in photoreceptors or retinal pigment epithelium of the retina result to progressive loss of vision. It affects mostly males but can also affect females. Retinitis is a word implying inflammation although inflammation is not a predominant clinical feature of this disease.<br />
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Retina converts the light images to nerve signals and transmit it to the brain. This retina is found at the back of the inner eye responsible for the conversion. It is defined as light-sensitive tissue layer at the back of the inner eye and acts similar to the film of a camera in which images or lights are captures through the lens and focused on the retina.<br />
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The characteristic description of retina is red in color due to rich blood supply. Retina is considered part of the central nervous system and tissue of the brain which can be visualized non-invasively. It contains about 7 million of cones and consists of 75 to 150 million of rods.<br />
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Retinitis Pigmentosa Symptoms and Signs</h3>
Signs and symptoms of retinitis pigmentosa vary although common symptoms are such:<br />
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Nyctalopia or night blindness is the first and common symptom of retinitis pigmentosa that is it considered as the hallmark of this inherited eye disease. Patient suffering from retinitis pigmentosa basically have difficulties walking or moving around dark or dimly lit rooms. The eyes take a long period of adjusting in the dark.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh4VzfE3lrDqIaYSPhShF43owhKbSpsUV_HRre5xkt-hDu-5XEwScs4SFjnrP9jGai5EDafo_ROlp_7-jRtQVwN5Gs-LxBVJ0M19VuzMW0GE-tzVSONicwAwje4A4-MOSwvJSbF3_VlSJT/s1600/visuals+of+normal+eye+and+retinitis+pigmentosa+eye.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="symptoms of Retinitis Pigmentosa in Eye disease picture" border="0" data-original-height="239" data-original-width="500" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjh4VzfE3lrDqIaYSPhShF43owhKbSpsUV_HRre5xkt-hDu-5XEwScs4SFjnrP9jGai5EDafo_ROlp_7-jRtQVwN5Gs-LxBVJ0M19VuzMW0GE-tzVSONicwAwje4A4-MOSwvJSbF3_VlSJT/s320/visuals+of+normal+eye+and+retinitis+pigmentosa+eye.jpg" title="symptoms of Retinitis Pigmentosa in Eye disease picture" width="320" /></a></div>
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Picture 2: symptoms of Retinitis Pigmentosa in Eye </div>
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image source: news-medical.net</div>
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Peripheral vision loss or tunnel vision may be experienced often progressively. Patient often bumped into things that cannot be visualized on their periphery. They may bump into furniture or frames and other objects placed on their sides.<br />
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Photopsia or visions of flashing lights are seen by patients with retinitis pigmentosa. The flashing lights seen are described as small, shimmering and blinking lights.<br />
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Physical presentation of retinitis pigmentosa may be described as:<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Visual acuity is 20/20 to light perception until latter part of the disease.</li>
<li>Pupil reaction can be normal with or without papillary defect.</li>
<li>Posterior subcapsular cataracts may develop on the anterior segment.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Genetics</h3>
Multiple genetic mutations can lead to retinitis pigmentosa. Significant phenotypic variation has been identified as a result of many different genes leading to retinitis pigmentosa. This condition is one of the most common forms of inherited retinal degeneration.<br />
<br />
Genetic mutation of RP can be passed on from parents to offsprings through any of the three genetic inheritance patterns. Autosomal recessive pattern, parent carrying the gene can be asymptomatic but can have children affected with RP or others who may not be affected. Autosomal dominant pattern described as parent affected with RP and may or may not have affected offspring.<br />
<br />
The X-link pattern, males are affected and females are the carriers. Affected males can pass it on to their female offspring making the female offspring carrier of the mutated gene in which the carrier can pass it on to the male offspring.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Diagnosis</h3>
Diagnosing RP depends on the documentation of family history by determining the mode of inheritance and progressive loss of photoreceptor cell function. DNA testing can be utilized in determining RP in mode of inheritance. Other diagnostic procedures that may be utilized are:<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Opthalmoscopy –</b> is an examination of the back of the inner eye which includes the retina after the pupils have been dilated</li>
<li><b>Electroretinogram – </b>is utilized in measuring the electrical activity in the retina</li>
<li><b>Flourescein angiography –</b> utilizing a special dye and camera to look at the blood flow in retina and choroid</li>
<li><b>Visual acuity –</b> is used in determining the smallest letter a person can read through the use of Snellen chart</li>
<li><b>Intraocular pressure or tonometry –</b> is used determining the pressure inside the eyes</li>
<li><b>Slit-lamp examination –</b> is used to view the structures at the front of the eyes</li>
<li><b>Visual field test –</b> is conducted to determine or measure the side or peripheral vision</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Treatment</h3>
No effective treatment is currently available for retinitis pigmentosa. The condition can be overwhelming that better information, help and guidance to patient must be emphasized especially on the availability of therapies and visual devices to help them maximize the condition of their vision. <br />
<br />
Vitamin A palmitate is an antioxidant prescribed at 1500 IU daily intake can reduce the progression of the disease. Docosahexaenoic acid is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and antioxidant also helps in reducing the rate of visual acuity.<br />
<br />
Surgical intervention of removing the cataract is beneficial to patient in latter stage of retinitis pigmentosa. Corticosteroids are recommended in preventing postoperative cystoids macular edema prior to surgical procedure.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Research and Clinical trials</h3>
Retinitis pigmentosa research and advances are continually studying and developing therapies and other methods of treating RP. Daily supplement of Vitamin A antioxidant and Docosahexaenoic acid emerged to be effective in reducing the progression of the disease.<br />
<br />
Gene therapies are progressing through preclinical trials. The technology of gene therapy aimed in delivering corrective and therapeutic agents to rod and cone are being studied.<br />
<br />
Researchers and scientists aimed to treat RP in the future through utilizing retinal transplant and artificial retinal implants. Other researches and studies involved gene therapies, stem cells, nutritional supplement and other pharmacotherapy in treating retinitis pigmentosa.</div>
ramuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17161124963688645220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5102229176468552636.post-17960437688973279362018-01-08T02:11:00.002-08:002018-01-08T02:11:14.498-08:00What is Choroideremia - Genetics, Diagnosis and Clinical trials<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
What is Choroideremia?</h3>
Choroideremia is a rare inherited disorder of X link recessive retinal disease prevalent in males and is rare among females. The disorder is characterized by progressive loss of vision as a result of choroid and retina degeneration.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaYAKtUrg4DmxGBAZrSd3a2RQ5mtxbS8UQFZz8IxC0y2f-mxtsYIE4hC2UcktVqfuqSqkBBJpsX5mcW5K2cec97eHZW2oCulPZaoPXbZpaeaR9jFcikxefPpkpi6s-CoNNLugwTiX7zL-D/s1600/difference+between+nornal+eye+and+Choroideremia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Difference between the normal eye and Choroidermia affected eye disease picture" border="0" data-original-height="189" data-original-width="500" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaYAKtUrg4DmxGBAZrSd3a2RQ5mtxbS8UQFZz8IxC0y2f-mxtsYIE4hC2UcktVqfuqSqkBBJpsX5mcW5K2cec97eHZW2oCulPZaoPXbZpaeaR9jFcikxefPpkpi6s-CoNNLugwTiX7zL-D/s320/difference+between+nornal+eye+and+Choroideremia.jpg" title="Difference between the normal eye and Choroidermia affected eye disease picture" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Picture 1: Difference between the normal eye and Choroidermia affected eye</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
image source: news-medical.net</div>
<br />
This inherited disorder is a result of deletion of Rab escort protein or REP1. Rab proteins are involved in the movement of proteins and organelles within the cells. Choroideremia gene or CHM is the only gene responsible for choroideremia.<br />
<br />
The mutation of CHM results to production of REP1 protein. This result of mutation attaches to Rab protein and inhibits dysfunction in carrying out its function of directing protein and organelles movement within cells.<br />
<br />
Choroideremia is an inherited condition of X link recessive pattern. It is an alteration in the copy of the choroideremia gene. The prevalence of disorder in males is due to X chromosome that consists of only one copy and an alteration in one copy of gene is enough to cause this inherited disorder.<br />
<br />
Females pass on the mutated copy as they have 2 X chromosome thus; they are referred to as the carrier. Choroideremia can affect females although they do not usually experience the signs and symptoms.<br />
<br />
Males suffering for choroideremia can transmit the mutation to all his female offspring and none to male offspring. Female offspring who inherited the mutation will then be carriers and pass it on to their male offspring.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Choroideremia Symptoms</h3>
The primary symptom of choroideremia is impairment in night vision or a poor vision in the dark that usually occur during early childhood years. Peripheral vision is loss including depth perception as the disorder progresses usually on the second decade or teen years of male.<br />
<br />
All sights are eventually loss by middle age of males. Severe loss of acuity and color perception may occur in some cases as the disorder progresses. The progression of the disorder continues throughout the life of an affected individual.<br />
<br />
Mental retardation or reduced ability of mental and intelligence will also manifest. Other symptoms of choroideremia include atrophy of the retinal layers, obesity, progressive loss of vision and blindness.<br />
<br />
Obesity and deafness are reported in some cases that manifests with choroideremia. The manifestations however, are uncertain and are thought to be suggestive of other unique disorder that may be associated with choroideremia.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Choroideremia Gene Therapy</h3>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Choroideremia is caused by depletion in gene CHM and is an inherited retinal disease. The characteristic of the disorder is a progressive vision loss mostly affecting males. A foundation has been established for research to treat choroideremia</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglULDRNA9CqGkNacMPPDVSfI6nE_TAPPLailR91jmkht3bYXte-UdRzlpVxfnO1dElS83dxCleli5ye0WcUkb9MA2C5UiCRr6-i2QDqR1k_fkbEv32oVOZAD9Nn76oNWWQhE6slvDd9e7e/s1600/x-link+recessive%252C+affected+father.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="X-Link recessive carier Father pictures" border="0" data-original-height="593" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglULDRNA9CqGkNacMPPDVSfI6nE_TAPPLailR91jmkht3bYXte-UdRzlpVxfnO1dElS83dxCleli5ye0WcUkb9MA2C5UiCRr6-i2QDqR1k_fkbEv32oVOZAD9Nn76oNWWQhE6slvDd9e7e/s320/x-link+recessive%252C+affected+father.jpg" title="X-Link recessive carier Father pictures" width="269" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Picture 2: X-Link recessive carier father </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
image source: http://disorders.eyes.arizona.edu</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
Therapy of delivering corrective CHM gene has been engineered to cease the progression of the disorder for some years or even lifetime. The therapy is utilizing a genetically engineered virus called adeno-associated virus or the AAV to deliver copies of corrective CHM gene.<br />
<br />
Technology of delivering the corrective gene is similar to those used for patient with retinal disease that causes severe vision loss or blindness. The technology and therapy employed is similar to that of the clinical trials for restoring vision for both adults and children.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhToDdnLvtnsi_ccoVyd2Q5S_FBFllsya10UCLpHdCGCPzm9ACHdQSpdCaYNSt6s2yIgcTfui7qBfemCmSWqlIwT0cPQ7OW1NicWX0sUQ-lnpO5mmdJ8BsknhOU5oSKGZgji7ImGn7TQfJ-/s1600/x-link+recessive%252C+affected+mother.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="X-Link recessive carier Mother pictures" border="0" data-original-height="635" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhToDdnLvtnsi_ccoVyd2Q5S_FBFllsya10UCLpHdCGCPzm9ACHdQSpdCaYNSt6s2yIgcTfui7qBfemCmSWqlIwT0cPQ7OW1NicWX0sUQ-lnpO5mmdJ8BsknhOU5oSKGZgji7ImGn7TQfJ-/s320/x-link+recessive%252C+affected+mother.jpg" title="X-Link recessive carier Mother pictures" width="251" /></a></div>
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Picture 3: X-Link recessive carier Mother </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
images source: perinatology.com<br />
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</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Choroideremia diagnosis</h3>
The condition of choroideremia can be detected by ophthalmologist through careful examination utilizing a dilated eye examination and based on the result or presentation of inside of the eye. Genetic analysis may be performed to further evaluate and confirm the existence of choroideremia. Electroretinography of ERG is utilized to confirm choroideremia.<br />
<br />
Effective treatment for choroideremia has not been established at present and clinical researches are still underway and on its clinical trial to further determine and establish the effectiveness of the therapy. Visual functions are improved at the moment utilizing a low vision aids.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Choroideremia Research</h3>
The discovery of X mutations drove scientists to search for treatment and correcting CHM gene. Gene therapy are now being tried to applied to animal studies for further evaluation and will be moved to clinical studies if found successful.<br />
<br />
Clinical trials for gene therapy to treat choroideremia may be established for some years or a couple of years according to some researchers owing to the success of preclinical studies of gene therapy of choroideremia.<br />
<br />
Researchers are utilizing the technology of correcting CHM gene by adeno-associated virus similarly used for gene therapy to treat Leber congenital amaurosis.<br />
<br />
Families affected with choroideremia are encouraged to seek advice from ophthalmologist and for genetic guidance. Pregnant women of choroideremia inherited may also seek further information and advice after determining the possibility of gene transfer through prenatal consultation.</div>
ramuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17161124963688645220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5102229176468552636.post-2853040502454211682018-01-06T07:13:00.001-08:002018-01-06T07:13:40.514-08:00Microcephaly - Definition, Pictures, Life expectancy and Prognosis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
What is Microcephaly?</h3>
Definition : Microcephaly basically means a neurological condition that involves brain size, which is smaller than normal. This is a rare condition that may be due to underdevelopment experienced when one was still a fetus or after birth. This condition has a variety of causes and that includes genetics and probable environmental factors.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2a9SU85eiwry9BpjlI4QNmOwAwx8bE7fhJQ-_QJyAp8t93KZrua0nteG_Ps4pyNaMUPVPX8aFOVfnWflnuJbU9dmfk5ez0I0PgONi0ekemEagXGCv_tkNA3S87Ifvz_I1qdb5QoiI7j47/s1600/difference+between+normal+head+size%252C+baby+with+microcephaly%252C+baby+with+severe+microcephaly+disease+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="difference between normal head size, baby with microcephaly, baby with severe microcephaly disease pictures " border="0" data-original-height="202" data-original-width="500" height="129" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2a9SU85eiwry9BpjlI4QNmOwAwx8bE7fhJQ-_QJyAp8t93KZrua0nteG_Ps4pyNaMUPVPX8aFOVfnWflnuJbU9dmfk5ez0I0PgONi0ekemEagXGCv_tkNA3S87Ifvz_I1qdb5QoiI7j47/s320/difference+between+normal+head+size%252C+baby+with+microcephaly%252C+baby+with+severe+microcephaly+disease+pictures.jpg" title="difference between normal head size, baby with microcephaly, baby with severe microcephaly disease pictures " width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
picture 1: Difference between normal head size, baby with microcephaly, baby with severe microcephaly. </div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
image source: www.cdc.gov</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<span id="goog_1145957890"></span><span id="goog_1145957891"></span><span id="goog_1145957893"></span><span id="goog_1145957894"></span> One can identify for the condition to be present when a person or the child has a smaller head size compared to his age group. This can be measured with taking the child’s head circumference and compare it to the normal or the ideal size it should be.<br />
<br />
There are times where a child has a small head size, but we can identify that a child is suffering from microcephaly when the head size is significantly smaller than usual, about below the first percentile. Because of such presentation, the child shall suffer from:<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Mental retardation or mental delay</li>
<li>Visual impairment</li>
<li>Facial distortions</li>
<li>Seizure tendencies</li>
<li>Motor function disabilities and delayed functions</li>
<li>Speech may be delayed</li>
<li>Dwarfism</li>
<li>Neurological problems</li>
</ol>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
1 a. Primary Microcephaly</h3>
Primary microcephaly or the autosomal recessive microcephaly is predisposed by the genetic composition. This condition basically developed from the mutations that one has acquired from the family. The parents of the affected will have to carry one of the mutated genes in order to pass it down to their child.<br />
<br />
This one mutated gene shall not affect the parents, but the sole victim of such mutation is the child who inherited both the genes. It has been reported that about 1 of 30,000 newborns are affected of the condition. According to reports, this condition is quite prevalent in Pakistan as it provides 1 out of 10,000 newborns of prevalence rate.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
1 b. Congenital Microcephaly</h3>
Microcephaly may be present at birth or shall slowly progress to such as one age. This is identified as congenital when there have been intrauterine infections involved. When an expecting mother had contracted the rubella virus, cytomegalovirus or toxoplasmosis then it shall precipitate the development of microcephaly to the child.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Microcephaly Causes</h3>
The condition microcephaly is basically caused by the underdevelopment or abnormal development of the brain. This may develop when the child is not yet born or usually after birth. The following are the causes of such condition<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Chromosomal abnormality. </b>This condition or state shall predispose the child to develop microcephaly. Those with an extra chromosome such as Down syndrome have the tendency to develop microcephaly.</li>
<li><b>Craniosynostosis.</b> This is the premature fusing of the sutures of an infant’s skull that keeps the brain from growing in size. This premature fusing would cause for the brain to have less area to grow. A surgical intervention can be done in order to avoid severity of the state.</li>
<li><b>Cerebral anoxia. </b>This is the decreased oxygenation of the brain of the fetus. Oxygen is very essential in the body especially the developing fetus. Once the fetus does not receive the adequate oxygen it needs, growth and development shall not be attained accordingly.</li>
<li><b>Infections acquired by the expecting mother.</b> This is highly teratogenic to the child’s part. Teratogenic means harmful to the fetus that it can interfere with the development and provide defects to the child. The infections would include toxoplasmosis, rubella and chickenpox. Cytomegalovirus is also included in the list. Taking of illicit drugs is also teratogenic to the fetus. Toxic agents are greatly causative of such condition.</li>
<li><b>Malnutrition.</b> A mother who has not taken care of her health during the time she was carrying her child could cause microcephaly.</li>
<li><b>Genetics.</b> This is basically the cause of primary microcephaly. It has been noted that the child can inherit these abnormal genes from his or her parents.</li>
</ol>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Microcephaly Diagnosis</h3>
When a mother complies with her prenatal checkups, the development of <b>microcephaly</b> may be identified. Taking the mother’s familial history can help us or assist us in the diagnosis of the condition.<br />
<br />
The mother’s drug abuse, if any, should be assessed in order to attain the true root of the child’s condition. If all of this was not done and that the child has developed the condition, performing a physical examination by measuring the child’s head circumference will help in the diagnosis. This should be monitored accordingly, so to record the progress of the condition.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm1SJ13oTtKVYqX24P0RvmzdK-Q9zmwkwFTA448-zFF9fRjrzt5dKgkBgejxBOXc5E4RucrMg2I4NRoYcoUD48sndmsfXttHMov4Y1CyiEhtIMveJ8a1Ep7pkM1TxfBvJ4jCQH_tZ9M_jE/s1600/two+sisters+affected+with+severly+affected+microcephaly+disease+picture.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="two sisters affected with severly affected microcephaly disease picture" border="0" data-original-height="389" data-original-width="500" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm1SJ13oTtKVYqX24P0RvmzdK-Q9zmwkwFTA448-zFF9fRjrzt5dKgkBgejxBOXc5E4RucrMg2I4NRoYcoUD48sndmsfXttHMov4Y1CyiEhtIMveJ8a1Ep7pkM1TxfBvJ4jCQH_tZ9M_jE/s320/two+sisters+affected+with+severly+affected+microcephaly+disease+picture.jpg" title="two sisters affected with severly affected microcephaly disease picture" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
picture 2: Two sisters affected with severly affected microcephaly disease.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Image source: i.ytimg.com</div>
In order to determine the presence of the condition, the child must undergo a head CT scan or MRI test. <br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Microcephaly Treatment</h3>
The condition has no known treatment. The only aim of the treatment is to assist the child who has developed such condition. Therapies such as for speech are introduced. While physical and occupational therapy are also presented in order to assist the child to at least attain what is normal. When the child is suffering from seizures, these are treated with anti-seizure medications.<br />
<br />
Counseling is necessary to the parents of the child. This is to assist them in the process of making it easier to cope with the state of their child. Joining core groups that are also experiencing such difficulty in life can help them by voicing out their concerns and feelings of their current condition.<br />
Microcephaly Prognosis<br />
<br />
As it is expected that the child shall receive disability, but this is still identified as mild. There is still hope that others attain the normalcy in life such as attaining normal intelligence and the basic milestones in life. With the assistance of the therapies above, one can attain good health and better prognosis.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Microcephaly Life Expectancy</h3>
The life expectancy of microcephaly is noted as low. This will also depend on the severity of the condition. This has been noted as a general fact that those who have this condition shall have reduced mortality rate but is again supported with the presenting symptoms that one possess.</div>
ramuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17161124963688645220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5102229176468552636.post-22871556927058424222018-01-06T07:07:00.000-08:002018-01-06T07:07:02.800-08:00Lagophthalmos<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
What is Lagophthalmos?</h3>
Lagophthalmos is a form of facial paralysis affecting the obicularis muscle in the eyelid and is characterized as the inability to fully or completely close the eyelids. This condition usually affects one side of the face only.<br />
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Constant exposure of the eyelid to the drying effects of the environment due to the inability to completely close the eyelid can lead to ulceration of the cornea or may result to corneal inflammation and scarring.<br />
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picture 1: Lagopthalmos affected to obicularis muscle, that cause inability of closing eyelids fully.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
image source: els-cdn.com</div>
<br />
Blinking mechanism of the eyes constantly bathe it with a thin film of tear. This tear film functions in providing hydration in the eyes while nourishing it. It flushes away dust, debris and other tiny particles that get past the eyelids and lashes protecting the corneal surface against infection. Tear film also maintains a smooth corneal surface to keep the vision clear and undistorted.<br />
<br />
Nocturnal lagophthalmos is another condition of inability to completely close the eyes. This condition however, happens at night time or during sleep.<br />
<br />
The condition of lagophthalmos can be classified either temporary or permanent. Temporary condition lasts for 6 months or less and can be helped with medical regimen while permanent condition may need surgical intervention.<br />
<br />
Patient suffering from lagophthalmos may complain of irritated eyes or the feeling of foreign object inside the eyes. Pain is also noted as a result of constant exposure and dryness of the corneal surface. Blurry vision is also experienced as a result of unstable tear film. Advance cases of lagophthalmos have severe symptoms.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Causes</h3>
Lagophthalmos either temporary or permanent can be caused by another condition or trauma to the facial nerves.<br />
<br />
Facial nerve. This is the 7th cranial nerve that innervates both the frontalis and obicularis muscle. Trauma in any form or other condition involving the facial nerve will inhibit eyelid closure. Such condition and trauma that can lead to lagophthalmos include:<br />
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Trauma involving fracture of the bony prominence and skull base can damage the facial nerve. It is also more susceptible to blunt trauma and laceration.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAgLvGKFi7MaQJDikJCEMM3AEsXvzHguqo5zauCtp-xR3ojQbH6Zag-HWiOJcp95wGDapCD73ufAyUl2Bfu5nMAAdfpliCPchODLHyvbpZyyUAxYdvhw8o4hw9ecFgPPoPfs2mtAkgnDAN/s1600/Lagophthalmos+disease+7th+cranial+nerve.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Facial expressions of Lagopthalmos affected person disease pictures" border="0" data-original-height="395" data-original-width="500" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAgLvGKFi7MaQJDikJCEMM3AEsXvzHguqo5zauCtp-xR3ojQbH6Zag-HWiOJcp95wGDapCD73ufAyUl2Bfu5nMAAdfpliCPchODLHyvbpZyyUAxYdvhw8o4hw9ecFgPPoPfs2mtAkgnDAN/s320/Lagophthalmos+disease+7th+cranial+nerve.jpg" title="Facial expressions of Lagopthalmos affected person disease pictures" width="320" /></a></div>
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Picture 2: Facial expressions of Lagopthalmos affected person</div>
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image source: .pinimg.com</div>
Bell’s Palsy is an idiopathic facial nerve palsy associated with acute viral infection and is also associated with reactivation of herpes simplex virus.<br />
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Tumors typically of the acoustic neuromas in the cerebellopontine angle and metastatic lesions are commonly associated with lagophthalmos.<br />
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Orbicularis muscle. Upper and lower eyelids are made up of several structural layers. Damage to any of these structural layers can inhibit eyelid closure.<br />
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These can eventually cause or may cause lagophthalmos and these factors include:<br />
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Eyelid surgery that results to excessive removal of eyelid skin and muscle can lead to lagophthalmos of the upper eyelid and retraction of the lower eyelid.<br />
Floppy eyelid syndrome is the result of severe laxity and flexibility in the superior and inferior tarsal plates.<br />
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Enophthalmos is the posterior displacement of the eye that may affect eyelid closure.<br />
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Pathophysiology</h3>
Malfunction in the facial nerve can give rise to lagophthalmos. Decrease in the orbicularis tone common in comatose patient will most likely result to inability in closing the eyelids.<br />
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Patient with palsy of the 7th cranial nerve or the facial nerve are highly expected to suffer from lagophthalmos. The facial nerve controls the function of the eyelids that paralysis of which inhibits the good closure of the upper and lower eyelids.<br />
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The condition of lagophthalmos is not serious although the inability to close the eyelids greatly affects the distribution of tear film necessary in maintaining proper eye health and lubrication. Blinking mechanism can no longer function when the eyelids are paralyzed thereby exposing the eye to environmental elements causing it to dry and prone to dust and other debris infection. Exposure and prolonged dehydration of the eye can result to irritation and pain including blurry vision and other vision problem including blindness.<br />
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Surgery</h3>
Treating lagophthalmos is geared in preventing further complication as a result of prolonged exposure to drying effects and particles settling in the eye. The goal of treatment is also aimed in resolving the ability of the upper and lower eyelids to close.<br />
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Temporary condition of lagophthalmos requires medical treatment through administration of nonprserved artificial tears to maintain tear film. Other therapeutic regimen includes application of eye ointment for certain cases of corneal exposures.<br />
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Permanent condition of lagophthalmos or longer than anticipated will require surgical intervention or surgical implantation.<br />
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Gold weight implantation can be done in the upper eyelid of paralytic lagophthalmos. The procedure involves closure of the upper eyelid in gravity dependent fashion.<br />
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Upper eyelid retraction is indicated for patient with lagophthalmos associated with upper eyelid retraction from thyroid opthalmopathy.<br />
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Lower eyelid tightening is indicated for lagophthalmos related to floppy eyelid syndrome or facial paralysis. Tightening procedure will improve apposition of the lower eyelid to the globe reducing tearing.<br />
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Ancillary surgical procedure is recommended for sever lagophthalmos related to facial nerve palsy. A variety of materials can be used to achieve elevation of the midface such as autogenous fascia slings.</div>
ramuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17161124963688645220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5102229176468552636.post-87090757824371369302018-01-05T09:31:00.000-08:002018-01-05T09:31:03.702-08:00What is Pterygium (eye) - Definition, Treatment (Surgery)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
The eye is a very important part of the body, without the eye we will not be able to see the world and moving around without sight is very difficult.<br />
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However, there are some diseases that are unavoidable. Straining our eyes could lead to some diseases like Pterygium.<br />
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What is Pterygium ?</h3>
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<b>Definition</b> : It is also called the Surfer’s Eye, it is characterized as the growth of a thin tissue at the sclera which is the white part of the eye. Sometimes, when you experience Pterygium it does not need to be remove but if it reaches the cornea then it is a serious condition. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB-1kUDRFQl9KBvFwa4EvaDqvmVdZGiR20J4ILlc_mn7J1SnT_hIGmJ5gcaHjIKMnOUEmAUr_FJBy6SfeMewe0JWFlBBPUedT9m1FHPNk3OolIZaYb3kqQWQ_d3_02976Qdt9yyAmqWCd7/s1600/Pterygium+affected+eye.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Pterygium affected eye disease picture" border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="500" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhB-1kUDRFQl9KBvFwa4EvaDqvmVdZGiR20J4ILlc_mn7J1SnT_hIGmJ5gcaHjIKMnOUEmAUr_FJBy6SfeMewe0JWFlBBPUedT9m1FHPNk3OolIZaYb3kqQWQ_d3_02976Qdt9yyAmqWCd7/s320/Pterygium+affected+eye.jpg" title="Pterygium affected eye disease picture" width="320" /></a></div>
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Picture 1: Pterygium affected eye </div>
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image source: northernbeachescataract.com.au</div>
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Generally, the conjunctiva in the eye is the part wherein the Pterygium while form. Conjunctiva is the one responsible for protecting the sclera and whole eye; it also provides lubrication to moisture the eye. Once the Pterygium spreads in the sclera, it may reach the cornea and your condition might worsen.<br />
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Nevertheless it can be cured and there are ways in which you can prevent it from happening again. Researches states that Pterygium would likely to occur on men than on women and children have lower chances of having it.<br />
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What to do to avoid Pterygium </h3>
The root cause of Pterygium is still unknown yet there are some incidents that would result to this disease. Too much sun exposure of the eye is one reason why Pterygium occurs. This is because the<br />
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Ultraviolet light from the sun affects the conjunctiva and the Pterygium starts to form. Aside from the sun, arid surroundings would also result to this disease. Dry weather could make the moisture in the eye dry too.<br />
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For people who always have dry eyes, they have higher chances of getting Pterygium. Even if your surroundings are dry either outdoor or indoor, you may the risks of having Pterygium.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcpo2vjGZYqPlI2JKGEw4uXoiNP8TbGQytr3w6gUGihxgsXZ1rSs6mgq-T22jm69TNAcNTlwlOwktFUqhSJx59zxwn5DCaBYXIEpH2r9CfQ2H8jPjHcFsd-FOF69ehz66YYaGngKRInt6z/s1600/damage+due+to+uv+rays+on+eye.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="ultra violet rays damage on eye disease picture" border="0" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="500" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcpo2vjGZYqPlI2JKGEw4uXoiNP8TbGQytr3w6gUGihxgsXZ1rSs6mgq-T22jm69TNAcNTlwlOwktFUqhSJx59zxwn5DCaBYXIEpH2r9CfQ2H8jPjHcFsd-FOF69ehz66YYaGngKRInt6z/s320/damage+due+to+uv+rays+on+eye.jpg" title="ultra violet rays damage on eye disease picture" width="320" /></a></div>
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picture 2: ultra violet rays damage on eye </div>
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image source: labuschagnealbertsoptom.co.za</div>
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Aside from too much sun and dry weather, too much wind may also be one reason why you may experience Pterygium. Wind can also dry and cause itchiness in our eyes. These are the most common causes or reasons why Pterygium might happen to you. For people who always have outdoor jobs like farmers, fishermen, construction worker etc., are the most common people who are prone to this disease. <br />
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Therefore, for those individuals who are always having outdoor jobs or activities, it is recommended that they use sunglasses or use eye drops to moisture their eyes. In that way, it will help you reduce your chances of getting Pterygium and other eye diseases as well. <br />
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Earlier signs should be prevented</h3>
<i><b>How would you know if you have Pterygium?</b></i> Symptoms should always be observed first before you are diagnosed. The thin tissue does not grow instantly without you noticing it.<br />
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At first you may experience some irritation in your eye especially if you are always exposed to the sun. It will be followed by redness and soreness. Some people often feel this kind of way when they get too much sun exposure.<br />
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This could lead to other serious symptoms like inflammation which would really sound painful to the patient. At this point patients should now seek for the help of an ophthalmologist so that your eyes could be checked.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNTwfunkPK1g4nV5pjcBQ3ZetmwX-PyYDPsi6JAcAtVMYx-fcgeWMw3V7m1MpABnvnqGF1_MlhdcEqAd51oApiAzFoXO7ZY6SE7LKp2g3GWRfHx3OCigynJOGB_orwFSl14Vxn62MiCOa9/s1600/earlier+stages+of+pterygium.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Initial stages of pterygium affected eye disease picture" border="0" data-original-height="342" data-original-width="500" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNTwfunkPK1g4nV5pjcBQ3ZetmwX-PyYDPsi6JAcAtVMYx-fcgeWMw3V7m1MpABnvnqGF1_MlhdcEqAd51oApiAzFoXO7ZY6SE7LKp2g3GWRfHx3OCigynJOGB_orwFSl14Vxn62MiCOa9/s320/earlier+stages+of+pterygium.jpg" title="Initial stages of pterygium affected eye disease picture" width="320" /></a></div>
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picture 3:Initial stages of pterygium affected eye</div>
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image source: koreamed.org<br />
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After the inflammation, sometimes there are people who feel tearing in the eye and would even cause bleeding and the sensation of burning. An ophthalmologist, an eye specialist would help you find ways to ease these symptoms.<br />
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These symptoms are only for the earlier stages of Pterygium only. Getting an operation regarding the situation should only be done is the doctor says so. Some of the symptoms in the early stages of Pterygium might only be taken by some people as a simple itchiness and the like.<br />
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They would make use eye drops just to ease the feeling and they would be fine with it, it also difficult to diagnose it at first but once the later symptoms happen, doctors would be sure about it.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8HLEdXpSEiuAdCFQpO642s83bBN1EBRwGwinR60WQsZrvoTjkmrNAhdEhr-V4zRuuqoSEdquEJsoIPHxx_hhsL3usOoHCPfIxfcVx4YZt7hjzSUUnZkf8c-2Jxo2pPToNH3jJaUJSirBf/s1600/final+stage+of+pterygium.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Advanced stage of pterygium eye disease picture" border="0" data-original-height="331" data-original-width="500" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8HLEdXpSEiuAdCFQpO642s83bBN1EBRwGwinR60WQsZrvoTjkmrNAhdEhr-V4zRuuqoSEdquEJsoIPHxx_hhsL3usOoHCPfIxfcVx4YZt7hjzSUUnZkf8c-2Jxo2pPToNH3jJaUJSirBf/s320/final+stage+of+pterygium.jpg" title="Advanced stage of pterygium eye disease picture" width="320" /></a></div>
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Picture 4:Advanced stage of pterygium</div>
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image source: eyenj.com</div>
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The later symptoms would diagnose the patient with Pterygium and these symptoms would really make a huge harm on the eyes. One of the last symptoms of Pterygium would be the feeling of a foreign body in your eyes.<br />
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This symptom would ensure that there is a formation of a thin tissue already at the sclera. After sometime, if the person will just disregard the previous symptoms, then it is possible that his/her eye would have a blurred vision; not just a blurred vision but even loss of sight.<br />
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This is a very serious matter already for when the thin tissues start to reach the cornea, it may damage it temporarily or even permanently. <br />
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Treatment methods for better eye condition : Surgical Removal </h3>
If you have experienced all of the symptoms of Pterygium, then you should at first consult an ophthalmologist to make sure that it will not do more harm to your eye. For the earlier symptoms of Pterygium, some eye drops would help you ease the feeling of itchiness, dryness, and redness.<br />
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However, it does not mean that Pterygium would not occur to you; there is still a chance that you might have it. You shouldn’t lose hope that it will not happen to you for using eye drops is one way of preventing Pterygium.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjES61ELYhMZ72CdJbn45jtQmNMA1LkCxQofhN4rJQp62Pd6H3oYjTnKvbKfh-OEULbEM82cWL4cnmCPsdBGjKRQuZzTumy4RHNmz9AnlKw0p3TotJc5VtAMaDglk5CBNi35cWeToo3pemq/s1600/before+and+after+pterygium+opereation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Before and after pterygium disease images" border="0" data-original-height="229" data-original-width="500" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjES61ELYhMZ72CdJbn45jtQmNMA1LkCxQofhN4rJQp62Pd6H3oYjTnKvbKfh-OEULbEM82cWL4cnmCPsdBGjKRQuZzTumy4RHNmz9AnlKw0p3TotJc5VtAMaDglk5CBNi35cWeToo3pemq/s320/before+and+after+pterygium+opereation.jpg" title="Before and after pterygium disease images" width="320" /></a></div>
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picture 5: Before and after pterygium disease </div>
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image source: beverlyhillsphysicians.com<br />
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However, for those who are disregarding the earlier symptoms, they would have no choice but to undergo surgery. <br />
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The Pterygium should be removed at once before it would do a permanent harm to you which would be loss of eyesight. It is a good thing that you could remove it by surgery so as to ensure that it will not harm your eye, but do not feel safe with just that. After your surgery, there is still a chance that you will have Pterygium again.<br />
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This may happen because of your constant exposure to wind, dust and dry condition. Once you got operated and your Pterygium got removed, remember to always use sunglasses or eye drops to protect your eyes.<br />
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In that way, you will not have to undergo another surgery. You will have to repeat the process again if you do not take preventive measures.<br />
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<b>References: </b><br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><i>http://www.kellogg.umich.edu/patientcare/conditions/pterygium.html</i></li>
<li><i>http://www.surgerydoor.co.uk/advice/diseases/pterygium/ </i></li>
<li><i>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterygium_(conjunctiva)</i></li>
<li><i>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001011.htm</i></li>
<li><i>http://www.healthscout.com/ency/68/392/main.html</i></li>
<li><i>http://www.pterygiumsurgery.com/</i></li>
<li><i>http://www.articlesbase.com/vision-articles/pterygium-causes-symptoms-and-treatments-4451433.html#axzz1PmzCWSSw</i></li>
<li><i>http://www.stlukeseye.com/Conditions/pterygium.html</i></li>
<li><i>http://www.apagrafix.com/patiented/PTE001/pterygium.HTM</i></li>
</ol>
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ramuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17161124963688645220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5102229176468552636.post-47009485101677114522018-01-05T09:22:00.000-08:002018-01-05T09:22:12.418-08:00Perforated Eardrum (Ruptured Eardrum) - Symptoms, Treatment (Surgery)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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What is Perforated Eardrum?</h3>
Perforated eardrum is a condition of the middle ear characterized by a hole or opening in the thin layer of tissue separating the outer ear from the middle ear.<br />
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Presence of pressure in the middle ear which is greater than the atmospheric pressure in the external auditory canal may cause the tympanic membrane or the eardrum to rupture. The perforation may be caused by trauma or infection.<br />
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It may also be caused by a sudden change in atmospheric pressure such as in flying with a severe cold.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhphpd_YdqDBtqZ5wSHWh6cXclS9jayZ6JkDd3WKDd56lc-pRGiQx-P1f1_597a_LR4kxoxB1AF_KPfDdEVKRpl-yheWU7dDugySIU-DAtFOe6dh5TYPmJmr_L6bcFHdwsF9iTpt8ExCDNN/s1600/perforated+eardrum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="perforated eardrum picture" border="0" data-original-height="398" data-original-width="500" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhphpd_YdqDBtqZ5wSHWh6cXclS9jayZ6JkDd3WKDd56lc-pRGiQx-P1f1_597a_LR4kxoxB1AF_KPfDdEVKRpl-yheWU7dDugySIU-DAtFOe6dh5TYPmJmr_L6bcFHdwsF9iTpt8ExCDNN/s320/perforated+eardrum.jpg" title="perforated eardrum picture" width="320" /></a></div>
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Picture 1: Perforated eardrum </div>
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image source: dreamresearchgroup.com</div>
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The condition of this middle ear may result to conductive hearing loss although the condition may be temporary.<br />
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Perforated Eardrum Symptoms</h3>
The most common symptom of a perforated ear is pain. The pain may range from general discomfort to immediate pain or may become intense. The symptom may also vary and some of these include:<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Episode of spinning sensation or known as vertigo</li>
<li>Hearing changes may occur often with buzzing or clicking sound</li>
<li>Drainage in the ear may appear such as fluid, blood or pus</li>
<li>Hearing loss on the affected ear may occur although temporary</li>
<li>Discomfort from pain which may become immediate or intense</li>
</ol>
There are symptoms that require an immediate medical attention and these are:<br />
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<li>Uncontrollable vertigo</li>
<li>Hearing changes abruptly</li>
<li>Sudden loss of taste sensation or changes in taste</li>
<li>Difficulty when walking</li>
</ol>
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Symptoms of perforated eardrum that are complications of life-threatening complications are:</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Onset of high fever</li>
<li>Numbness or tingling sensation on face, arms and legs</li>
<li>Difficulty in opening the mouth especially when talking</li>
<li>Sudden change in vision</li>
<li>Inflammation occurring behind the ear</li>
</ol>
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Perforated Eardrum Causes</h3>
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Infection in the middle ear is the most common cause of perforated eardrum. Build up of fluid and pus as a result of infection may cause pressure in the ear that forces it to stretch and rupture in time.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO_V0ZMpRaIncMEo3BgWrb26LhpFjeR-GLhCsBYpmnKV2V6CpAgXSzYKvGBGynvuX1Bc1C6wTU4HcETXeTB_RpwYisIHbwpM3-ZsPCBHroI8wOmaoJdJSK-mJqPa-lvFu_lLHm1kIvECrq/s1600/ear+with+pus+fluid+and++air+pressure.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Differences between the normal ear, some fluid and effusion picture" border="0" data-original-height="232" data-original-width="500" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhO_V0ZMpRaIncMEo3BgWrb26LhpFjeR-GLhCsBYpmnKV2V6CpAgXSzYKvGBGynvuX1Bc1C6wTU4HcETXeTB_RpwYisIHbwpM3-ZsPCBHroI8wOmaoJdJSK-mJqPa-lvFu_lLHm1kIvECrq/s320/ear+with+pus+fluid+and++air+pressure.jpg" title="Differences between the normal ear, some fluid and effusion picture" width="320" /></a></div>
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Picture 2: Differences between the normal ear, some fluid and effusion</div>
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image source: kids-ent.com </div>
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Otitis media is one infection that causes the eardrum to rupture. Otitis media is an inflammation of the middle ear occurring in between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear.<br />
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Bacteria, virus and fungi can infect the middle ear causing the eardrum
to swell which can increase the pressure in the middle ear stretching
the eardrum to the limits until it ruptures.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkP85q8_QTQsEWJrmb690HTCYz06vqh_-uFZHsBchRJfWwDiH-FrR49m0CxIESv6x_BkPh1YhxoH6TfTUkUzQjilXFygzNRMtaw6tlUbGiQKL75EHpY4ttRpnJtKo3JlAL-DziOoozwlQP/s1600/Acute+Otitis+media+infection+in+the+ear+disease+picture.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Acute Otitis Media with Effusion picture" border="0" data-original-height="502" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkP85q8_QTQsEWJrmb690HTCYz06vqh_-uFZHsBchRJfWwDiH-FrR49m0CxIESv6x_BkPh1YhxoH6TfTUkUzQjilXFygzNRMtaw6tlUbGiQKL75EHpY4ttRpnJtKo3JlAL-DziOoozwlQP/s320/Acute+Otitis+media+infection+in+the+ear+disease+picture.jpg" title="Acute Otitis Media with Effusion picture" width="318" /></a></div>
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Picture 3: Acute Otitis Media with Effusion</div>
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image source: otitismedia.hawkelibrary.com</div>
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Another common cause of perforated ear is trauma. This may include blunt trauma such as head injury or direct blow on the ear. Trauma may also include accidental puncture of the ear by sharp objects. Rapid changes in pressure can injure the ear such as deep sea diving plane flight. Barotrauma is the stress due to imbalance in pressure that can cause perforated eardrum.<br />
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There are also other possible causes that can lead to perforated eardrum such as:</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Explosive blast</li>
<li>Very loud noise beyond the limit of the eardrum</li>
<li>Direct slap on the ear</li>
<li>Vehicular accidents</li>
<li>Foreign objects that are pushed deeper into the ear</li>
</ol>
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Perforated Eardrum Healing Diagnosis</h3>
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Health professionals of ENT specialist can determine if there is rupture in the eardrum. Otoscope is lighted instrument utilized by most doctors in diagnosing perforated ears. Other cause of perforated ears may be evaluated by a doctor through additional test or procedures which can verify or may help determine cause of ear perforation and these tests may include:</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Tuning fork evaluation. </b>This is a metal instrument much like a fork that produces sound when struck. This is utilized in determining hearing loss.</li>
<li><b>Laboratory test. </b>Discharge from the ear, if there is any, is collected and sent to the laboratory for evaluation to determine if perforation is due to bacterial infection or viral infection.</li>
<li><b>Tympanometry. </b>It is a device used to measure response of eardrum to light changes in air pressure. The device is inserted in the ear canal.</li>
<li><b>Audiology exam.</b> Measures the perception of sound at different volumes and pitches.</li>
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Perforated Eardrum Surgery</h3>
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Perforation of the eardrum usually heal on its own although there are some that do not and thus require surgical intervention to promote healing and prevent infection. Surgical intervention is indicated for large holes or small non-healing holes.<br />
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<b>Tympanoplasty</b> is the surgical procedure for perforated eardrum. It is a procedure of repairing the tympanic membrane usually done to prevent potential infection and to improve the hearing condition of the patient.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk-Rlr4rnSM8u-wBus2_FDrS7tcVrJ7zFVWjkLHjtSPpZniINzPS656Q45g2jN6mebIxpQsm0VBF9WAiImX575tgdCXlsuCMdnZWJjE3cu5NOcGlvU3SCfGdLqRezZpy_WgQAkflOtVfun/s1600/Tympanoplasty+technique.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Procedure of Tympanoplasty " border="0" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="629" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgk-Rlr4rnSM8u-wBus2_FDrS7tcVrJ7zFVWjkLHjtSPpZniINzPS656Q45g2jN6mebIxpQsm0VBF9WAiImX575tgdCXlsuCMdnZWJjE3cu5NOcGlvU3SCfGdLqRezZpy_WgQAkflOtVfun/s320/Tympanoplasty+technique.jpg" title="Procedure of Tympanoplasty" width="320" /></a></div>
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Picture 4: Procedure of Tympanoplasty</div>
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image source: slidesharecdn.com </div>
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Surgical procedure of repairing tympanic membrane is mostly successful in closing the perforation permanently and improves the hearing condition of the patient. It is usually done in the office or clinic of the doctor and is usually an outpatient basis.</div>
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How long does a perforated eardrum take to heal </h3>
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Most of tympanic membrane rupture heals on its own within weeks after rupture. There are some that may take up to several months. Perforation may persist due to a growing scar tissue on the edges of the perforation. Perforations that do not heal require surgical intervention.<br />
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ENT specialist or other health professionals may require eardrum patch by sealing the hole with a paper patch associated with a chemical applied on the edges of the tear to stimulate growth of tissue.<br />
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Eardrum patch procedure is usually repeated until the hole closes.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHOkIO4ipsako34PgGdNFmCMCArEjCa_NhP4Hxsu3lUL8ZpikU2esoXcY15x2LfB1UnAceORBaoXGh3t0Knq6kP-dVv0M3AzSCZIvjGxkN3TwxS6JnFDYHDVBvkmExp0wCck_VaXXMiE3x/s1600/perforated+eardrum+healing+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Different stages of perforated ear drum healing pre-op and post-op picture" border="0" data-original-height="282" data-original-width="500" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHOkIO4ipsako34PgGdNFmCMCArEjCa_NhP4Hxsu3lUL8ZpikU2esoXcY15x2LfB1UnAceORBaoXGh3t0Knq6kP-dVv0M3AzSCZIvjGxkN3TwxS6JnFDYHDVBvkmExp0wCck_VaXXMiE3x/s320/perforated+eardrum+healing+pictures.jpg" title="Different stages of perforated ear drum healing pre-op and post-op picture" width="320" /></a></div>
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Picture 5: Different stages of perforated ear drum healing pre-op and post-op </div>
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image source: www.e-sciencecentral.org</div>
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The goal of treating perforated eardrum is to alleviate the pain a patient is suffering and most importantly, preventing infection from setting in until the perforation heals on its own or through surgical means.<br />
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It is important to keep the ears dry and free from any radicals that may cause infection. Infection may further the damage or complication from perforated eardrum. It is also best to give the eardrum sometime to heal before resuming to cleaning the ears with swabs or any other form of cleaning the ears.<br />
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It is also best to seek medical advice in terms of dealing with perforated eardrum.</div>
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ramuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17161124963688645220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5102229176468552636.post-76750739248298725592018-01-05T09:11:00.002-08:002018-01-05T09:11:43.053-08:00What is Epiphora : Definition, Diagnosis, Treatment<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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What is Epiphora</h3>
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<b>Definition</b> : is the condition of the eye or both eyes characterized with an abnormal overflow of tears as a result of insufficient tear film drainage in the eye. The tears overflow to the face instead of draining in the nasolacrimal system.</div>
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The condition of epiphora is also known as watery eye which affects mostly infants of age 12 months and below. It can also affect adults over 60 years of age.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbWXW0nuYEsBLN2SNNLr42rYLJuUUo4cKSiYVvbcsLw2ew0s5SZuMOHbIJPDKiZockkS7DNepplvrYx7sxnpZl54OQRXlwkB2_GF6Mt5TshVAwAFW-iwQlFUS2Ve6nb3ueoaJoGRh29vPW/s1600/epiphora+in+the+infant+baby.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="watery eyes in the infant casued due to epiphora eye disease pictures" border="0" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="500" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbWXW0nuYEsBLN2SNNLr42rYLJuUUo4cKSiYVvbcsLw2ew0s5SZuMOHbIJPDKiZockkS7DNepplvrYx7sxnpZl54OQRXlwkB2_GF6Mt5TshVAwAFW-iwQlFUS2Ve6nb3ueoaJoGRh29vPW/s320/epiphora+in+the+infant+baby.jpg" title="watery eyes in the infant casued due to epiphora eye disease pictures" width="320" /></a></div>
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Picture 1: watery eyes in the infant casued due to epiphora <br />
image source: kinglasik.com</div>
Tears are important to the eyes in keeping it moist and healthy. It is a composition of water, salt, protein and mucus. Tears also protect the eyes by washing away the dirt from the surface of the eyes that can cause irritation and other certain conditions.<br />
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Lacrimal glands are tiny tubes in the eyes through which the tears flow. They drain from the tiny opening of each eye known as the puncta. The puncta can be found on the upper and lower lids of each eyes and from this the tears drain into small tubes called canaliculi or lacrimal ducts located in the inner corner of the eyelids.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjciivB_iwiYa72y2e19kCke2mq8NRlO4KWdqAgeH_ACXuLf0NWAZ6xYQS6aB_nQtpJSTyQOjvP_HxJvEl_kDSb8Js0vrQWLDHh_fHRg8keNKoiePaw1TRjhPsio3sypIW-6uXla2qw_ndV/s1600/epiphora+in+diagramatic+presentation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="237" data-original-width="500" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjciivB_iwiYa72y2e19kCke2mq8NRlO4KWdqAgeH_ACXuLf0NWAZ6xYQS6aB_nQtpJSTyQOjvP_HxJvEl_kDSb8Js0vrQWLDHh_fHRg8keNKoiePaw1TRjhPsio3sypIW-6uXla2qw_ndV/s320/epiphora+in+diagramatic+presentation.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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picture 2: tears storing in the lacrimal sac<br />
image source: slidesharecdn.com</div>
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From the canaliculi, the tears will pass through a small pouch beneath the inner corner of each eye from where it gather and drain through the nasolacrimal duct. The tears then empty to the back of the throat or nostrils.<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Causes</h3>
Epiphora is a result of an obstruction in the tear flow tract where the obstruction may occur in one of its anatomical part. The obstruction may occur in ectropion, punctal, canalicular or nasolacrimal duct. There are two main causes of epiphora and these are:<br />
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Blockage in the tear ducts</h3>
Epiphora may be a result of blocked tear ducts that may have been underdeveloped from the time of birth. This condition usually resolves a few weeks as soon as the ducts are developed.<br />
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It is common for babies to be born with obstructed lacrimal ducts but epiphora goes away when the ducts developed while babies are also growing and developing.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKb9EQHqzKcjvZOEIamg3VHTNmLVPHE3roOaPdNZDi_tUxlGHYrXkp9iMmSlHqJBqqWmqRxLqXtZJJpIF5vNOk5Z7A_pCx5xaNfFAoFcB4Y9ZN1V8odNAiKJ-ChmJ2VmyWib7lOyGoFa6k/s1600/blockage+in+the+tear+duct+which+causes+epiphora.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Blockage in the lacrimal ducts epiphora disease pictures" border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="359" height="276" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKb9EQHqzKcjvZOEIamg3VHTNmLVPHE3roOaPdNZDi_tUxlGHYrXkp9iMmSlHqJBqqWmqRxLqXtZJJpIF5vNOk5Z7A_pCx5xaNfFAoFcB4Y9ZN1V8odNAiKJ-ChmJ2VmyWib7lOyGoFa6k/s320/blockage+in+the+tear+duct+which+causes+epiphora.jpg" title="Blockage in the lacrimal ducts epiphora disease pictures" width="320" /></a></div>
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Picutre 3: Blockage in the lacrimal ducts<br />
image source: adam.com</div>
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In adults, epiphora is due to obstruction in the punctum as a result of normal aging process and could also be brought about by infection or trauma. Epiphora in adults is also age-related to some degree of atrophy in the mucus membrane of the ducts.<br />
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The blockage in the tear ducts may also be from scar of wounds that healed. The wound or damage may be due to trauma in the nasolacrimal ducts system as a result of trauma in the facial structures and soft tissues involving the nose or the eyelid.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcRp0fPy7ZUAvpQjrgW4IIjDyi-z6dYbpVEk01f0B_A8A5tLKNsAP8ieghjkehXs0YiJJh58i5YZPLi-w8jv7kjTewwjlv57zh6eg8DRPAR5BSZztMKf6lMUWISb9GRmBG3dHrR9WG_Z3A/s1600/swelling+of+the+tear+duct.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Swelling in the tear ducts due to the blockage epiphora disease pictures" border="0" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="500" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcRp0fPy7ZUAvpQjrgW4IIjDyi-z6dYbpVEk01f0B_A8A5tLKNsAP8ieghjkehXs0YiJJh58i5YZPLi-w8jv7kjTewwjlv57zh6eg8DRPAR5BSZztMKf6lMUWISb9GRmBG3dHrR9WG_Z3A/s320/swelling+of+the+tear+duct.jpg" title="Swelling in the tear ducts due to the blockage epiphora disease pictures" width="320" /></a></div>
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Picture 4: Swelling in the tear ducts due to the blockage<br />
image source: warwareyegroup.com</div>
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Swelling of the nasolacrimal ducts block the normal drainage of the tears causing it to build up and overflow. The swelling may be a result of infection such as conjunctivochalasis and rhinitis.<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Over production of tears</h3>
The eyes produce more tears when it is irritated. The tears flow when irritated to facilitate washing away of the irritants. The irritants that can induce over flow of tears include:<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Exposure to chemicals</li>
<li>Exposure to fumes and smoke</li>
<li>Allergens that come into contact with the eye</li>
<li>Inward growth of eyelashes or condition known as trichiasis</li>
<li>Pink eye or the condition called conjunctivitis that is caused by infection</li>
<li>Injury to the eye that may be brought by direct or indirect blow</li>
<li>Accidental poking of the eye</li>
<li>Eyestrain</li>
<li>Dry eyes condition</li>
<li>Bright lights exposure</li>
<li>Lack of sleep</li>
<li>Exposure to cold winds</li>
<li>Dust fumes</li>
<li>Presence of pollen in the air</li>
</ul>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Diagnosis</h3>
Epiphora will manifest through overflowing of tears on the face and eyelashes. The eye becomes red due to irritation and a lump or tenderness in the inner corner of the eyelid may appear especially when due to infection of the lacrimal duct openings. Blurred vision is common as the vision is blocked by tears.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhko2d5nzNIHOL7FmU5rpnvcA2KPNtRKmDTqmPlD_iFg-_XnHzCgU1sBLoB5TTUZr83FSnupQPwRYlQgjLVFmI27pMOrTGO6fV91_fxZ2fTRuxkGsCDITFuElJXObZM1KBEaA3H6gDGPOl6/s1600/lacrimal+duct+openings.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Ducts and Gland position near the eye epiphoral disease pictures" border="0" data-original-height="413" data-original-width="500" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhko2d5nzNIHOL7FmU5rpnvcA2KPNtRKmDTqmPlD_iFg-_XnHzCgU1sBLoB5TTUZr83FSnupQPwRYlQgjLVFmI27pMOrTGO6fV91_fxZ2fTRuxkGsCDITFuElJXObZM1KBEaA3H6gDGPOl6/s320/lacrimal+duct+openings.jpg" title="Ducts and Gland position near the eye epiphoral disease pictures" width="320" /></a></div>
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picture 5: Ducts and Gland position near the eye <br />
image source: nashvillelidsurgery.com</div>
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Diagnosing watery eye condition can be easily detected by general practitioners or primary care physicians although when the condition cannot be determined or when there is suspicion of an underlying condition, an ophthalmologist or eye care specialist is necessary. Ophthalmologist will primarily ask for the symptoms and irritants that may have caused watery eyes.<br />
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A probe might be used to determine blockage through insertion in the narrow drainage channels of the eyes. Liquid drops will be facilitated to determine whether it comes out of the nose.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM1fxQxrBQLxpFM8nSnLXz-6CA-qLZCwWxmVNSbkCkoKxuO_9Lo8RjbznmVimXQzBEfGP7ztTDtxIf8Ca0QfiBilCKdW6hq3Ra8fUqDjGUQyBZfbojs-YRj2Uz4rVfPtyw6GWZiEdPfyqa/s1600/fluorescein+dye+in+eye.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="flourescein dye is induced in the eye to find blockage in ducts and glands of the eye disease pictures" border="0" data-original-height="523" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM1fxQxrBQLxpFM8nSnLXz-6CA-qLZCwWxmVNSbkCkoKxuO_9Lo8RjbznmVimXQzBEfGP7ztTDtxIf8Ca0QfiBilCKdW6hq3Ra8fUqDjGUQyBZfbojs-YRj2Uz4rVfPtyw6GWZiEdPfyqa/s320/fluorescein+dye+in+eye.jpg" title="flourescein dye is induced in the eye to find blockage in ducts and glands of the eye disease pictures" width="305" /></a></div>
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picture 6: flourescein dye is induced in the eye to find blockage in ducts and glands of the eye. </div>
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image source: remedicajournals.com</div>
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If the tear duct block is determined, a dye called flourescein dye is utilized to determine the location or the channel of obstruction occurrence.<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Treatment</h3>
Treating epiphora depends on the cause and location of the obstruction. Environmental factors of epiphora may be treated with medications to prevent further irritations. Epiphora due to allergens are treated with antihistamines whether orally or through eye drops.<br />
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Antibiotics are indicated for epiphora due to bacterial infection. These are non-surgical treatment indicated for epiphora due to environmental factors or any other irritants.<br />
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Surgical treatment is indicated for epiphora due to obstruction in the lacrimal drainage system. The procedure will create a new channel for the tears to drain.<br />
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This surgical procedure is known as dacryocystorhinostomy. Lid repair is indicated for epiphora caused by inward growth of eyelashes or caused by ectropion or outward protrusion of the eyelids.</div>
ramuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17161124963688645220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5102229176468552636.post-83756946775089891402018-01-03T09:33:00.001-08:002018-01-03T09:33:50.210-08:00Skin Rashes in Children (Pictures)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Common Rashes in Children</h3>
A rash is the visual evidence that there is something going on inside. Rashes in children can be caused by an allergy, medication, bacteria, infection, or virus. A rash would tell an individual that something is irritating the skin.<br />
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Virus Rashes in Children</h3>
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<li><b>Chickenpox – </b>this condition is caused by the virus varicella-zoster. Although the disease is not that harmful to most children, but the rashes will last up to two weeks or more, thereby causing too much discomfort to children. </li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF_enPhA7AouxpUKm1YcuZ_M_Xug4EOP5VvJHA9GSxNgW4-X0ai6Crv0HViPZOpsJ0GNDjmvKspG6yGUjFUQ8eWQbUOi5LubZ6H_oBfP2Ry5cYiwJ6T2rxZIMn60rNQ8BBzaRL-KTH09v4/s1600/chinken+pox.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="chicken pox rash on the back of the child disease pictures" border="0" data-original-height="261" data-original-width="500" height="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF_enPhA7AouxpUKm1YcuZ_M_Xug4EOP5VvJHA9GSxNgW4-X0ai6Crv0HViPZOpsJ0GNDjmvKspG6yGUjFUQ8eWQbUOi5LubZ6H_oBfP2Ry5cYiwJ6T2rxZIMn60rNQ8BBzaRL-KTH09v4/s320/chinken+pox.jpg" title="chicken pox rash on the back of the child disease pictures" width="320" /></a></div>
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Picture 1: chicken pox rash on the back of the child.<br />
image source: www.nhsinform.scot</div>
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<li><b>Regular measles –</b> this is caused by paramoxyvirus <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJF8A3EUH9UV1OgUQGfsUlVMVe6geMUxX00kwZBZskglzneC09_J_hLDDaDYROhW5qplRSX5O_0pFgv6FeQdwc0nU27r_eEpbBkjgK4FahJ4mVH_yNrmvJiT_-uPRE7rG_p_Bm-z0i9Ilb/s1600/regular+measels.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Regular measles on the obdomen caused due to paramoxyvirus" border="0" data-original-height="334" data-original-width="500" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJF8A3EUH9UV1OgUQGfsUlVMVe6geMUxX00kwZBZskglzneC09_J_hLDDaDYROhW5qplRSX5O_0pFgv6FeQdwc0nU27r_eEpbBkjgK4FahJ4mVH_yNrmvJiT_-uPRE7rG_p_Bm-z0i9Ilb/s320/regular+measels.jpg" title="Regular measles on the obdomen caused due to paramoxyvirus" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Pictures 2: Regular measles on the obdomen caused due to paramoxyvirus <br />
image source: wikimedia.org</div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>German measles – </b>this is much milder compared to regular measles and is caused by rubivirus</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjmjRNYdNTMUsBa6h1ZEgmD3BZNNtVfcbEqzs2DZO50aotrgN1qH0dfzxuF5u0hNODkrIp9xDf0s0X-cc9-RJmuCIi3ZXoEYGByeYDTa2EzEsbfFSfE0fUov8DYISZTLUBdd8ibfrqSGYE/s1600/german+measels.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Severe german measles on the chest of the child " border="0" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="500" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjmjRNYdNTMUsBa6h1ZEgmD3BZNNtVfcbEqzs2DZO50aotrgN1qH0dfzxuF5u0hNODkrIp9xDf0s0X-cc9-RJmuCIi3ZXoEYGByeYDTa2EzEsbfFSfE0fUov8DYISZTLUBdd8ibfrqSGYE/s320/german+measels.jpg" title="Severe german measles on the chest of the child " width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Picture 3: Severe german measles on the chest of the child <br />
image source: zyropathy.com</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Fifth disease – </b>this is also known as “slapped cheeks” disease and is caused by parvovirus B19. This viral infection commonly appears in the winter and spring seasons but may still infect someone throughout the year</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK3_5Tpe85KSVlhVv6p7fxsMl-TnmoIizu8jHP7npTaVDcKU-iQMcwKQybxAbr2FIv5UCi9FRY1WOgyrzE_LciySZajfhSfZfjko__Le9riZWrphxqUBSPYSk5T2RsMkak-Xp9G-azEHQF/s1600/fifth+disease+face.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="rash on the cheeks look's like a Slapped Cheeks caused due to Fifth disease" border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="500" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK3_5Tpe85KSVlhVv6p7fxsMl-TnmoIizu8jHP7npTaVDcKU-iQMcwKQybxAbr2FIv5UCi9FRY1WOgyrzE_LciySZajfhSfZfjko__Le9riZWrphxqUBSPYSk5T2RsMkak-Xp9G-azEHQF/s320/fifth+disease+face.jpg" title="rash on the cheeks look's like a Slapped Cheeks caused due to Fifth disease" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
Picture 4: rash on the cheeks look's like a Slapped Cheeks caused due to Fifth disease<br />
image source: webmd.boots.com</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Roseola infantum -</b> also called exanthem subitum, this is a common illness in children between 6 months and 2 years old which is caused by the human herpes virus 6.</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMidzhzd7taBNVwfEOYMrlv4MfsluthIfkPvC1Bba8Ddwp7nDEpd2cEsToTgGt7fxKdfyguMb_egY64gegIasC4cT07VtcT7QI-3J6IhgEGFeA1PODH4ii2WKGNgOZP9K7MdfCHzxpKG2P/s1600/roseola+infantum+disease+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Roseola infantum rash on the chest and stomach " border="0" data-original-height="271" data-original-width="500" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMidzhzd7taBNVwfEOYMrlv4MfsluthIfkPvC1Bba8Ddwp7nDEpd2cEsToTgGt7fxKdfyguMb_egY64gegIasC4cT07VtcT7QI-3J6IhgEGFeA1PODH4ii2WKGNgOZP9K7MdfCHzxpKG2P/s320/roseola+infantum+disease+pictures.jpg" title="Roseola infantum rash on the chest and stomach " width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Picture 5: Roseola infantum rash on the chest and stomach <br />
Images source: babycenter.com</div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Coxsackieviruses –</b> this is the most common cause of fever and rashes in children and two common diseases such as foot and mouth disease and herpangina</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjL0ffMYNh00ZL-BiNJoNX-0DfmdX_7nIPTNchV0TRSU64ZXmav0QFlwZlx4krz8Qgf4-GuaOErDrfM2W7EZu7IGlJJ89NAjzd42yjMfwmDs40os8l2lTcRgPTbehdBH7bs7GdhgQKJbV3/s1600/Coxsackieviruses+rash+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Rash on the palms and sole due to Coxsackieviruses" border="0" data-original-height="333" data-original-width="500" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjL0ffMYNh00ZL-BiNJoNX-0DfmdX_7nIPTNchV0TRSU64ZXmav0QFlwZlx4krz8Qgf4-GuaOErDrfM2W7EZu7IGlJJ89NAjzd42yjMfwmDs40os8l2lTcRgPTbehdBH7bs7GdhgQKJbV3/s320/Coxsackieviruses+rash+pictures.jpg" title="Rash on the palms and sole due to Coxsackieviruses" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Pictures 6: Rash on the palms and sole due to Coxsackieviruses<br />
image source: iytmed.com</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Bacterial Rashes in Children</h3>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
</ol>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Scarlet Fever – </b>this is a strep throat infection with visible rashes. This throat infection is caused by group A Streptococcus pyogenes, and it commonly inflicts children of school age.</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVJDMwugO2jjD-OgtrVVzYGQQsz7RIt8BzGdLPua8nAhRcVw96gdpuDMq344qpBaE0xz_dQYK5e6ZU0vrFp-BZmV3IXC1z6ojJ-8xmBuQLnm9fREXdoL9QDeOIMqTUfuXkEgJsQEfalVA5/s1600/scarlet+fever+rash+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Severe rash on the tounge, infection caused by scarlet fever" border="0" data-original-height="342" data-original-width="500" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVJDMwugO2jjD-OgtrVVzYGQQsz7RIt8BzGdLPua8nAhRcVw96gdpuDMq344qpBaE0xz_dQYK5e6ZU0vrFp-BZmV3IXC1z6ojJ-8xmBuQLnm9fREXdoL9QDeOIMqTUfuXkEgJsQEfalVA5/s320/scarlet+fever+rash+pictures.jpg" title="Severe rash on the tounge, infection caused by scarlet fever" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Piture 7: Severe rash on the tounge, infection caused by scarlet fever<br />
image source: nhs.uk</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Impetigo –</b> these are infection to the superficial skin caused by streptococcal or staphylococcal bacteria. The common areas affected are the nose and mouth but can also occur anywhere else in the body.</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga0HwMIh6SVNoKMRbnLl73r6IDWDnKvTThiYeSkNe3x92MjW7f2WzarnQKPvZfSamX5ezMsNpQxQFMtqgK_ayx0SXkhQJivdGmWPxVVjWD672kLKeTwQa6RBCsIQjJFOeVAXmT-nbfYExw/s1600/Impetigo+rash+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="infection around the mouth and nose caused by impetigo" border="0" data-original-height="366" data-original-width="500" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga0HwMIh6SVNoKMRbnLl73r6IDWDnKvTThiYeSkNe3x92MjW7f2WzarnQKPvZfSamX5ezMsNpQxQFMtqgK_ayx0SXkhQJivdGmWPxVVjWD672kLKeTwQa6RBCsIQjJFOeVAXmT-nbfYExw/s320/Impetigo+rash+pictures.jpg" title="infection around the mouth and nose caused by impetigo" width="320" /></a></div>
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Picture 8: infection around the mouth and nose caused by impetigo<br />
image source: doctorgrasshopper.wordpress.com<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTkXKN6qTnL_ARDdRO7z0z6eRQ7wVmYkdGrApjuydGz93oAonP3C0LTUQJSW2EDxgTyz1CIFOjwr2mECgjokJETK5fNpUiPVRRxyBtD0qeI4b7pnUGJHCKUJvknzwFbX1szzA0HUOeAGs3/s1600/staphylococcal+bacteria+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="staphylococcal bacteria under the skin which causes the impetigo" border="0" data-original-height="287" data-original-width="500" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTkXKN6qTnL_ARDdRO7z0z6eRQ7wVmYkdGrApjuydGz93oAonP3C0LTUQJSW2EDxgTyz1CIFOjwr2mECgjokJETK5fNpUiPVRRxyBtD0qeI4b7pnUGJHCKUJvknzwFbX1szzA0HUOeAGs3/s320/staphylococcal+bacteria+pictures.jpg" title="staphylococcal bacteria under the skin which causes the impetigo" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Picture 9: staphylococcal bacteria under the skin which causes the impetigo<br />
image source: rchsd.org</div>
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Allergy Rashes in Children</h3>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
</ol>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Hives – </b>these are red and raised patch of skin that are itchy and may appear all over the body, which may persist for several days. Hives occur when a child develop an allergic reaction to certain foods or medications.</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqyE7ugpeEB__b7xFFUi-LHl9s-n-1JzpGCYUfedkVcJXRSRfvVjCVSPvc1tEGSYsj0r7texjCG-lobS5teRkrKr-UyNZz-ME2b9tCL36t5t7-78y1ZbsXFPfH2aLyVkEojLp8nfTHnJQD/s1600/hives+allergy+rash+in+children+rash+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="hives on the arms of the shoulder of the baby" border="0" data-original-height="298" data-original-width="500" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqyE7ugpeEB__b7xFFUi-LHl9s-n-1JzpGCYUfedkVcJXRSRfvVjCVSPvc1tEGSYsj0r7texjCG-lobS5teRkrKr-UyNZz-ME2b9tCL36t5t7-78y1ZbsXFPfH2aLyVkEojLp8nfTHnJQD/s320/hives+allergy+rash+in+children+rash+pictures.jpg" title="hives on the arms of the shoulder of the baby" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Picture 10: hives on the arms of the shoulder of the baby<br />
image source: hivecureexperts.com</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Allergic contact dermatitis –</b> dermatitis occurs when there is contact to certain allergens. One of the most common allergen that leads to allergic contact dermatitis is nickel metal, which is common in costume jewelry as well as in household items that children may get a hold of.</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4I-98lYahEgejywVXd8GqnTGGBgv7JclEgFYvukO3FVY4fR58yQq7lHAV3uIjQoOXQE0tSsSBie5m30-OaX3j2e7IYd7izJ3e0MeZChmD63CWQMxGzTShmw2pD9igf9khcho03guHRmLC/s1600/Allergic+contact+dermatitis+due+to+diapers+rash+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Severe rashes on the baby buttocks due to constant contact of the diaper" border="0" data-original-height="503" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4I-98lYahEgejywVXd8GqnTGGBgv7JclEgFYvukO3FVY4fR58yQq7lHAV3uIjQoOXQE0tSsSBie5m30-OaX3j2e7IYd7izJ3e0MeZChmD63CWQMxGzTShmw2pD9igf9khcho03guHRmLC/s320/Allergic+contact+dermatitis+due+to+diapers+rash+pictures.jpg" title="Severe rashes on the baby buttocks due to constant contact of the diaper" width="318" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Picture 11: Severe rashes on the baby buttocks due to constant contact of the diaper<br />
image source: scielo.br</div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Eczema – </b>these are red scaly patches that are common among infants especially those who have family history of allergies</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7Dc4kRaOK0IoRoc7s-6H4kadt922fjnDJrjKm7Vx5Ork53x43VKGR-2vpPa-blyiU1Lp-AmfgOV1bB-SpHhNiaIBfYqJoaEI-HkKORZEhpRKg229ltjqQc9z5F5IG5MV7qnDMpng5pSm8/s1600/eczema+children+rash+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="scally patches on the baby back caused due to the Eczema." border="0" data-original-height="324" data-original-width="500" height="207" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7Dc4kRaOK0IoRoc7s-6H4kadt922fjnDJrjKm7Vx5Ork53x43VKGR-2vpPa-blyiU1Lp-AmfgOV1bB-SpHhNiaIBfYqJoaEI-HkKORZEhpRKg229ltjqQc9z5F5IG5MV7qnDMpng5pSm8/s320/eczema+children+rash+pictures.jpg" title="scally patches on the baby back caused due to the Eczema." width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Picture 12: scally patches on the baby back caused due to the Eczema.<br />
image source:beautyzion.com</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Contagious Rashes in Children</h3>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
</ol>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Chicken Pox –</b> this is a viral illness that is caused by varicella-zoster virus. The red bumps are filled with fluid and are extremely itchy. </li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5VSatM2MvNd_F_YFwakuwFx5wNO_wDw1zF_pPnF70jAcXRzJhqJ0Obxxhs2iyps_ozpMyJtQ27zAxaSKAooo2CVa4vz_5L7LJ4gBUwPP__8yLIcfcMTDiKAlJ_pdXu_deThp882nHJeWH/s1600/chicken+pox+rash+varicella-zoster+virus+disease+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="picture of the varicella zoster virus which is very contagious and spreads chicken pox " border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="500" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5VSatM2MvNd_F_YFwakuwFx5wNO_wDw1zF_pPnF70jAcXRzJhqJ0Obxxhs2iyps_ozpMyJtQ27zAxaSKAooo2CVa4vz_5L7LJ4gBUwPP__8yLIcfcMTDiKAlJ_pdXu_deThp882nHJeWH/s320/chicken+pox+rash+varicella-zoster+virus+disease+pictures.jpg" title="picture of the varicella zoster virus which is very contagious and spreads chicken pox " width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Picture 13: picture of the varicella zoster virus which is very contagious and spreads chicken pox <br />
image source: slidesharecdn.com</div>
<div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
</ol>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Poison ivy – </b>This is a three-leaf plant that have small red spots and jagged edges. Once these come in contact with the skin, it will release a chemical that cause skin irritation. If another person touches the skin of the infected one, the irritant may transfer to that individual.</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDZt4VXbAoU_npcsQPpOT2G4hY0DqPGZLiAVlkpyzIWwHG-jpOXD6CLkheGpJRjnrb_DF4D4tOB4fn-smAKZQ3-BtgLJdv6vly2kQ26F3CsQbJxa2f3SGpK-f8m9lsYBxkZkhrpmDt5gD/s1600/poison+ivy+rash+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="blisters and rashes on the arm due to poison ivy " border="0" data-original-height="329" data-original-width="500" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgDZt4VXbAoU_npcsQPpOT2G4hY0DqPGZLiAVlkpyzIWwHG-jpOXD6CLkheGpJRjnrb_DF4D4tOB4fn-smAKZQ3-BtgLJdv6vly2kQ26F3CsQbJxa2f3SGpK-f8m9lsYBxkZkhrpmDt5gD/s320/poison+ivy+rash+pictures.jpg" title="blisters and rashes on the arm due to poison ivy " width="320" /></a></div>
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Picture 14: blisters and rashes on the arm due to poison ivy </div>
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image Source: diseasespictures.com </div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
</ol>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Measles – </b>brown rash that develop throughout the body and the face usually accompanied by nasal congestion. This is a highly contagious disease among children.</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQe0G8XlMuzX7Q-ou2l1WUuCje6-Nsey8cjicJtsB6TgiXeb_AyoASucpoKXYJASsZANnprGQxDijxDoA-wpdVPls_UnZm8_TO2kIQjZ9xErtz3XpE7FFXskK02uLkl-U9l3CvC1d9U0Bh/s1600/Measles+rash+on+children+picture.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Brown rash all over body of the baby due to measles, which will spread easily to the infants" border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="500" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQe0G8XlMuzX7Q-ou2l1WUuCje6-Nsey8cjicJtsB6TgiXeb_AyoASucpoKXYJASsZANnprGQxDijxDoA-wpdVPls_UnZm8_TO2kIQjZ9xErtz3XpE7FFXskK02uLkl-U9l3CvC1d9U0Bh/s320/Measles+rash+on+children+picture.jpg" title="Brown rash all over body of the baby due to measles, which will spread easily to the infants" width="320" /></a></div>
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Picture 15: Brown rash all over body of the baby due to measles, which will spread easily to the infants</div>
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image source: healthline.com </div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
</ol>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Poison oak –</b> this is another poisonous plant that release irritating chemicals that will cause rashes that are itchy.</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7_dcfVpJHXg7v9zIUXfb0oPIEY3bRgj5hiHbSSir09SVfOmBlZSmiYZ9dvnlm3bDgNcDk8OHJCN7M84NyWeLlBdSrNjf39yxl-pImWWm12BvIipZgSTzYgOa39WHeZyra7Ajzrpf62BZR/s1600/poison+oak+rash+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt=" rash on the arm caues itching accoured due to chemical which is secreted by poison oak " border="0" data-original-height="318" data-original-width="500" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7_dcfVpJHXg7v9zIUXfb0oPIEY3bRgj5hiHbSSir09SVfOmBlZSmiYZ9dvnlm3bDgNcDk8OHJCN7M84NyWeLlBdSrNjf39yxl-pImWWm12BvIipZgSTzYgOa39WHeZyra7Ajzrpf62BZR/s320/poison+oak+rash+pictures.jpg" title=" rash on the arm caues itching accoured due to chemical which is secreted by poison oak " width="320" /> </a></div>
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Picture 16: rash on the arm caues itching accoured due to chemical which is secreted by poison oak </div>
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image source: diseasespictures.com</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
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<li><b>Scarlet fever –</b> this is a contagious disease caused by Streptococcal bacteria characterized by severe sore throat and red blotchy rash making the skin feel tough.</li>
</ul>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVF2QrFrwmxcoqTU467SjT4laDwAAPl9j8YsQ-ouv2IWyS_G2Eyws6DS1SShTUA6w6gCAaLt47-_8GeWFlMtYX3gpuS3E9d2-Mv3VFtA87Nx1b2ARgfqojnY77BthnIzDU_ugSFJID9_Ay/s1600/scarlet+fever+rash+disease+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="severe rash on the chest due to scarlet fever caused by Streptococal bacteria" border="0" data-original-height="386" data-original-width="592" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVF2QrFrwmxcoqTU467SjT4laDwAAPl9j8YsQ-ouv2IWyS_G2Eyws6DS1SShTUA6w6gCAaLt47-_8GeWFlMtYX3gpuS3E9d2-Mv3VFtA87Nx1b2ARgfqojnY77BthnIzDU_ugSFJID9_Ay/s320/scarlet+fever+rash+disease+pictures.jpg" title="severe rash on the chest due to scarlet fever caused by Streptococal bacteria" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Picture 17: severe rash on the chest due to scarlet fever caused by Streptococal bacteria<br />
image source: nhs.uk</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Fever Rashes in Children</h3>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
</ol>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Petechiae – </b>this rashes are always accompanied by fever<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpPKciP9fOvyf0K5SRSPQGauLS2ws82lmwwLegFCgE9Dc1lvAFkxD3YgSXcJcUG2p5Q45W-iS65kgG-TU8Lb607t7B39aTW16CEM9ctcN6pHTPELEe4w6E1DjamN3bcxQYBVtZz1URnfze/s1600/Petechiae+disease+rash+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="It is one of the rash occured along with the fever" border="0" data-original-height="371" data-original-width="500" height="237" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpPKciP9fOvyf0K5SRSPQGauLS2ws82lmwwLegFCgE9Dc1lvAFkxD3YgSXcJcUG2p5Q45W-iS65kgG-TU8Lb607t7B39aTW16CEM9ctcN6pHTPELEe4w6E1DjamN3bcxQYBVtZz1URnfze/s320/Petechiae+disease+rash+pictures.jpg" title="It is one of the rash occured along with the fever" width="320" /></a></div>
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Picture 18: It is one of the rash occured along with the fever</div>
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image source: www.healthline.com </div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Meningococcemia -</b> this is the invasion of bacteria to the blood, spreading from the nose and mouth of other people. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0HQOBF-a816RsxlJp3-W3M2T4jFwGPfCi0TZLaPtjW4GiTEBlp_z0kWmvXqBXaW5RcdQbrTShDLrEQOiUS28RJooz1hHt-aOtrCkleAiBIgQEhoM5Gpl66FD8Fe4bwKrKHW3zhK-Oqyr5/s1600/Meningococcemia+rash+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Meningococcemia caused due to the bacteria, which spreads through mouth and nose." border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="500" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0HQOBF-a816RsxlJp3-W3M2T4jFwGPfCi0TZLaPtjW4GiTEBlp_z0kWmvXqBXaW5RcdQbrTShDLrEQOiUS28RJooz1hHt-aOtrCkleAiBIgQEhoM5Gpl66FD8Fe4bwKrKHW3zhK-Oqyr5/s320/Meningococcemia+rash+pictures.jpg" title="Meningococcemia caused due to the bacteria, which spreads through mouth and nose." width="320" /></a></div>
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Picture 19: Meningococcemia caused due to the bacteria, which spreads through mouth and nose.</div>
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image source: medscapestatic.com</div>
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<li><b>Rocky Mountain spotted disease –</b> this disease is spread by tick bites that carry the bacteria Rickettsia rickettsii.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPYbrsLHFYC7fHg3cnY5E4j6A4g4ONvYEg-uJIJVnU8BPMNIn3E-9xSlB4EP4l4dvm0UigVxGcgBGl6ITSQ1_LW817OpJHVFVLi3rCKwHQr4F8U3Dp882IS_xO6ORUHp4YRuhpQmghwIsX/s1600/Rocky+Mountain+spotted+disease+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="rashes on the arm due to the rickettsia rickettsii bacteria which is carried by the ticks disease pictures" border="0" data-original-height="365" data-original-width="500" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPYbrsLHFYC7fHg3cnY5E4j6A4g4ONvYEg-uJIJVnU8BPMNIn3E-9xSlB4EP4l4dvm0UigVxGcgBGl6ITSQ1_LW817OpJHVFVLi3rCKwHQr4F8U3Dp882IS_xO6ORUHp4YRuhpQmghwIsX/s320/Rocky+Mountain+spotted+disease+pictures.jpg" title="rashes on the arm due to the rickettsia rickettsii bacteria which is carried by the ticks disease pictures" width="320" /></a> </div>
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Picture 20: Rashes on the arm due to the rickettsia rickettsii bacteria which is carried by the ticks.</div>
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image source: kathrynwarmstrong.wordpress.com</div>
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<li><b>Lyme disease –</b> this is a disease spread by deer tick bites.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<img alt="lyme disease due to the tick byte disease pictures" border="0" data-original-height="341" data-original-width="500" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHSVk_LrnuJyQRy4cfzR-YNxm3CKP5Iyj3cpHdm1W6y8pZPgVeCld0qnzGwRDhiVauHTeMcLdPbpAQTfMWEJ0l3pZWQjOvca8MSgxlaBVZcbXrA6ALOVWNW7RiQOBhAAt6cMusmmzyg7DP/s320/lyme+disease+rash+in+children+disease+pictures.jpg" title="lyme disease due to the tick byte disease pictures" width="320" /> </div>
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Picture 21: lyme disease due to the tick byte.</div>
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image soource: webmd.com</div>
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<li><b>Kawasaki disease –</b> believed to have been caused by an autoimmune response.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img alt="Kawasaki disease rash is one of the rash along with the fever rash pictures" border="0" data-original-height="471" data-original-width="500" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPEGusKRVy78YiL-5vXqyJPEMyKEJqfk8P8bKfJACqkToZrMSpkQt8KuId8ADn6LSM9msGo20sqqu2v75ko3fFI2UwCSo992lqjovBddUnhIGmCnoWFcf3FplDdPlVQoAZDhfuVfOiplvG/s320/kawasaki+disease+rash+pictures.jpg" title="Kawasaki disease rash is one of the rash along with the fever rash pictures" width="320" /> </div>
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Picture 22: Kawasaki disease rash is one of the rash along with the fever.</div>
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image source: intechopen.com </div>
</li>
</ul>
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</ol>
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<li><b>Toxic Shock Syndrome –</b> a life-threatening disease affecting the many body systems.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<img alt="This rash is one of the symptom to toxic shock syndrome disease pictures" border="0" data-original-height="310" data-original-width="500" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinW8H_CIhLAhDXDiZxg5lztl4isUazXwwvlGMPFIluy6KakvuZg35_7rxAGStFPZRPhNtlcCH9XjsLLU_BOQvxlFnLBeGcAtuNlZJ4vGP11X6UFMdbMsF8CqBsH0Ckvj9OfnykNNVVjmAb/s320/Toxic+Shock+Syndrome+disease+rash+pictures.jpg" title="This rash is one of the symptom to toxic shock syndrome disease pictures" width="320" /> </div>
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Picture 23: This rash is one of the symptom to toxic shock syndrome.</div>
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image source: syndromespedia.com</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Causes of Rashes in Children</h3>
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The causes of rashes in children can be varied. The common causes of rashes are due to some virus, bacteria, fungus, allergic reactions to certain food and medication, and heat exposure.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Symptoms of Rashes in Children</h3>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Chickenpox</h4>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Fever and sore throat</li>
<li>Malaise</li>
<li>Rashes that appear on the head and torso and spread toward the limbs</li>
</ol>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj80Yxt3xFforYF0NXfMvUp243P7EguL90xbBCn7UPVw9VMTmZYHhXUQkgAcEbMfY6paK0lWxB1D8lbinhptTpxfPFWDPRcatl-I4CGDmfBNO4yrKboNLFs3YhUBKykaV7wXBRqy8P8bqL/s1600/chicken+pox+rash+in+child.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt=" fever with severe rash all over the body disease pictures" border="0" data-original-height="658" data-original-width="501" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj80Yxt3xFforYF0NXfMvUp243P7EguL90xbBCn7UPVw9VMTmZYHhXUQkgAcEbMfY6paK0lWxB1D8lbinhptTpxfPFWDPRcatl-I4CGDmfBNO4yrKboNLFs3YhUBKykaV7wXBRqy8P8bqL/s320/chicken+pox+rash+in+child.jpg" title=" fever with severe rash all over the body disease pictures" width="243" /></a></div>
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picture 24: fever with severe rash all over the body.<br />
image source: dailymail.co.uk</div>
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Regular Measles</h4>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Nasal congestion and cough</li>
<li>Eye redness</li>
<li>Moderate fever</li>
<li>Loss of appetite</li>
<li>Decreased level of activity</li>
<li>Brown rash on the face extending to the hairline and behind the ears. Eventually, rashes will spread to the thighs and feet</li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI4ysJ-1S3wT5csYmQTuEZx0VOZOEv_-JgYdDqxMzfdObg5gqZrd8XdOOxwmK5n8aB2pvSMyQAorh9YQYY0I2hxL17sJuhvdp25w7nm0ZrdgNhGRPbe5CsL-R0YwMDQReeNpgMhheL5iOv/s1600/measels.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Brown rashes all over the body caused due to the regular measles rash disease pictures" border="0" data-original-height="748" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI4ysJ-1S3wT5csYmQTuEZx0VOZOEv_-JgYdDqxMzfdObg5gqZrd8XdOOxwmK5n8aB2pvSMyQAorh9YQYY0I2hxL17sJuhvdp25w7nm0ZrdgNhGRPbe5CsL-R0YwMDQReeNpgMhheL5iOv/s320/measels.jpg" title="Brown rashes all over the body caused due to the regular measles rash disease pictures" width="213" /></a></div>
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Picture 25: Brown rashes all over the body caused due to the regular measles.<br />
image source: outbreaknewstoday.com</div>
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
German Measles</h4>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Mild sore throat</li>
<li>Moderate fever</li>
<li>Headache</li>
<li>Stomachache</li>
<li>Swollen lymph nodes in the neck</li>
<li>Red rough rashes develop</li>
<li>Flushed cheek</li>
<li>Perianal or vaginal strep infection that are associated with redness, itchiness, and pain</li>
</ol>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi35FVAayMBs8GLj9FdBvRcLlKFomU2_x8j7yuePNQcdMV8cMoUQ2pzmSGE8AFIUINsPGFhPnAXr8uWd2sgVbE8r-FLmoXsLy99pYUrHIVoeqx2v_wtFTdw1WwVSgW2P62mDYmoaIe3HsVC/s1600/german+measels+in+kids+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Red rough rash on the body caused due to the German measles disease pictures" border="0" data-original-height="723" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi35FVAayMBs8GLj9FdBvRcLlKFomU2_x8j7yuePNQcdMV8cMoUQ2pzmSGE8AFIUINsPGFhPnAXr8uWd2sgVbE8r-FLmoXsLy99pYUrHIVoeqx2v_wtFTdw1WwVSgW2P62mDYmoaIe3HsVC/s320/german+measels+in+kids+pictures.jpg" title="Red rough rash on the body caused due to the German measles disease pictures" width="221" /></a></div>
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Picture 26: Red rough rash on the body caused due to the German measles.<br />
image source: slideplayer.com</div>
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Fifth Disease</h4>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Nasal congestion</li>
<li>Cough</li>
<li>Headache</li>
<li>Mild sore throat</li>
<li>Low-grade fever</li>
<li>Rashes appear when the child is no longer contagious—when the symptoms of viral illness are over</li>
<li>“Slapped cheek” appearance<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMytmoUGSutZS8I__l3BjQ7AjXqSYpj23hRN-3ZdFjed64f-RUaX_Z0xyLKJCR9EQHvFk0ihaKH8LvBeOEpH_zOYnsgxzcHyZgzhpeZM3tkEdCKQjM-JU0Yj1pAEs69kAFmzN_w7AfhjBW/s1600/fifth+disease+symptoms+.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="rashes on cheeks looks alike "slapped cheek" and lacy look on rashes due to fifth disease pictures" border="0" data-original-height="347" data-original-width="500" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMytmoUGSutZS8I__l3BjQ7AjXqSYpj23hRN-3ZdFjed64f-RUaX_Z0xyLKJCR9EQHvFk0ihaKH8LvBeOEpH_zOYnsgxzcHyZgzhpeZM3tkEdCKQjM-JU0Yj1pAEs69kAFmzN_w7AfhjBW/s320/fifth+disease+symptoms+.jpg" title="rashes on cheeks looks alike "slapped cheek" and lacy look on rashes due to fifth disease pictures" width="320" /></a></div>
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picture 27: rashes on cheeks looks alike "slapped cheek" and lacy look on rashes due to fifth disease.<br />
image source: www.flspinalcord.us</div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Roseola Infantum</h4>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Abrupt onset of high fever</li>
<li>Appearance of small, pink, flat or slightly elevated rashes on the trunk and extremities</li>
</ol>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGiUv4jRF5LDxwUT_jiPilEyEfb-Km7PGB_hGRhzdcHSKuu_GSMWvu-3USAK-P0uSdR1tg2-9TPd6LwiTrGj72fHUODUWFs32zyfIFa36aNdngjSEzuMTVkmVB8ZJ6ooKm6r3scppmmcmG/s1600/roseola+infantum+in+baby+disease+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt=" rashes and fever caused due to the Roseola infantum disease pictures" border="0" data-original-height="536" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGiUv4jRF5LDxwUT_jiPilEyEfb-Km7PGB_hGRhzdcHSKuu_GSMWvu-3USAK-P0uSdR1tg2-9TPd6LwiTrGj72fHUODUWFs32zyfIFa36aNdngjSEzuMTVkmVB8ZJ6ooKm6r3scppmmcmG/s320/roseola+infantum+in+baby+disease+pictures.jpg" title=" rashes and fever caused due to the Roseola infantum disease pictures" width="298" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
picture 28: rashes and fever caused due to the Roseola infantum.<br />
image source: medicinenet.com</div>
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Coxsackieviruses and Other Enteroviruses</h4>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Fever</li>
<li>Tender blisters in the mouth and tongue, palms, and soles</li>
<li>Rashes may also develop either in the buttocks or in the genital area</li>
<li>Malaise</li>
</ol>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEt9tt37eDZpxddF-1sa6Nl1EU8cwxZoW6R4IBw95nRsgYUbW_H1lDiwGCYaQjdf2upivDjByAtpADZQQUMnl9Xtg-CNddHfDs2Q88d-JIjc0QgPV63RVtduWpgeKq0aHGJja3lj6XF3Ok/s1600/Coxsackieviruses+and+Other+Enteroviruses+rash+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Rashes and blisters and inside of mouth and on the tounge caused by coxsackieviruses and other enteroviruses disease pictures" border="0" data-original-height="420" data-original-width="500" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEt9tt37eDZpxddF-1sa6Nl1EU8cwxZoW6R4IBw95nRsgYUbW_H1lDiwGCYaQjdf2upivDjByAtpADZQQUMnl9Xtg-CNddHfDs2Q88d-JIjc0QgPV63RVtduWpgeKq0aHGJja3lj6XF3Ok/s320/Coxsackieviruses+and+Other+Enteroviruses+rash+pictures.jpg" title="Rashes and blisters and inside of mouth and on the tounge caused by coxsackieviruses and other enteroviruses disease pictures" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
picture 29: Rashes and blisters and inside of mouth and on the tounge caused by coxsackieviruses and other enteroviruses.<br />
image source: diseasespictures.com</div>
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Impetigo</h4>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Small blister in the skin surface that breaks and leaves the skin red and open</li>
<li>Honey-colored crust develop over the rash</li>
<li>Itchiness. </li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="blisters of honey coloured around the mouth and nose disease pictures" border="0" data-original-height="304" data-original-width="500" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBK2uock8_K3_NHDHYBgsKh11CAzzbB4bAKzZZve9BxN-qrQQOzEakkhPxH5akSQw44eQdss3m_RCC_BGAdZGrDiZvCEXn8b-EjLVmI2XzSIRw_lh5O5diPNJT-qBq2nGHk-mZkGPYSPmO/s320/Impetigo+rash+disease+pictures.jpg" title="blisters of honey coloured around the mouth and nose disease pictures" width="320" /> </div>
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Picture 30: blisters of honey coloured around the mouth and nose.<br />
image source: nhs.uk</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Diagnosis of Rashes in Children</h3>
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Rashes that can be seen in children are not really a cause of an emergency situation but merit a visit to the pediatrician for proper checkup. Here’s a simple way to examine the rashes before getting too worried.</div>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Check the rash and determine whether the rashes are flat or raised. Flat bumps are associated with facial, heat, and contact rashes while raised bumps are commonly due to insect bites and other allergic conditions.</li>
<li>Examine the shape. Pimple-like rash contain small bumps with a little white head in the middle. Contact rashes may contain a group of small pimples. Lacy are like markings of a lace on a person’s skin. Ring-shaped rashes might be indicative of a ring worm.</li>
<li>Ask of the rashes are itchy. Common rashes that are itchy are caused by contact rashes, eczema, insect bites, and hives.</li>
<li>Observer other symptoms. If symptoms are quite systemic and may include fever, malaise, loss of appetite, etc, it is recommended to seek medical attention as soon as possible.</li>
</ol>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Treatment</h3>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Chickenpox</h4>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Medications will be prescribed by the physician</li>
<li>Never give aspirin as this is associated with Rye syndrome</li>
</ol>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Measles</h4>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Medications to treat cough, eye symptoms, and fever</li>
<li>Do not use aspirin medications</li>
<li>Antibiotics</li>
<li>Follow needed vaccination to prevent measles</li>
</ol>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
German Measles</h4>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Effective vaccination</li>
<li>Childbearing women should have their immune system verified and stabilized</li>
</ol>
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Scarlet Fever</h4>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Antibiotics</li>
<li>Seek doctor’s help as soon as possible</li>
</ol>
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Roseola Infantum</h4>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Acetaminophen for fever</li>
<li>Avoid aspirin</li>
<li>The disease is not harmful and gets better without specific therapy</li>
</ol>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Coxsackieviruses and other enteroviruses</h4>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Fever can be managed by acetaminophen or ibuprofen</li>
<li>Avoid aspirin products</li>
<li>Observe proper hand washing</li>
</ol>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
Impetigo</h4>
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Topical or oral antibiotics</li>
<li>If symptoms persists, have the child checked by the physician</li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: left;">
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For rashes that typically result to high fever, such as Lyme disease, Kawasaki syndrome, etc., it is always recommended to seek medical attention as soon as possible for prompt management of symptoms.</div>
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ramuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17161124963688645220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5102229176468552636.post-80167634057026037162018-01-02T23:53:00.001-08:002018-01-03T09:36:28.080-08:00Lymphocele<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Lymphocele Definition</h3>
Lymphocele is basically an adverse result of a surgical operation that involves the lymphatic tissue. The process involves an injury to the lymphatic vessels and with that, leakage of the lymph occurs resulting to swellings.<br />
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This can also be identified as collection or accumulation of lymphatic fluid following a surgical intervention. There are instances where a surgical procedure is not involved, for an injury or trauma can also be a source of such condition.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6fbffL-OTb_0Ya0-B_OBlHpvrpmov16TlESUp1bTnppuNSSkKHpEZjXGdf7thLYPWTZPRzQuZcI7u5sx2Hg9SEjtNagZFdRMNZUnQsziUfWnr1pmP6RG6Xezi8YVb5tHuYqnKEZNI8rs/s1600/lymphocele+pictures+image+photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="264" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6fbffL-OTb_0Ya0-B_OBlHpvrpmov16TlESUp1bTnppuNSSkKHpEZjXGdf7thLYPWTZPRzQuZcI7u5sx2Hg9SEjtNagZFdRMNZUnQsziUfWnr1pmP6RG6Xezi8YVb5tHuYqnKEZNI8rs/s400/lymphocele+pictures+image+photo.jpg" width="310" /></a></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Lymphocele Causes</h3>
There are various causes of the formation of a lymphocele. The following are the proposed causes of such condition:<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><u><b>Medical procedure</b></u>: <b>Renal transplant</b>. This is a major surgical intervention that is very delicate and would require for an intensive peri- or postoperative care. This can cause for the development of a lymphocele as this involves surgical cutting and replacement. The chances of lymphocele formation are highly anticipated by the surgeon. As the risk is underway, the surgeon makes careful actions to avoid such complication.</li>
<li><u><b>Medical procedure:</b></u> <b>Radical Hysterectomy.</b> This is a gynecological or OB procedure that involves removal of the uterus. As this is indicated to patients with uterine problems such as cancer and cystic formations, the removal is highly suggested. Again, the doctor shall take all the precautions in order to avoid such malady.</li>
<li><u><b>Medical procedure</b>:</u><b> Thoracic surgery.</b> This is the surgical operation involving the chest. The development is likely when there is involvement of the mediastinum or any form of trauma in the chest area. The removal of the breast or mastectomy can cause such condition if not properly managed.</li>
<li><u><b>Blunt trauma. </b></u>This is the indirect injury to the e.g. chest, abdomen and such that the development of lymphocele may be likely. A motor vehicle accident can cause such for there the crushing has the tendency to result to development of a lymphocele.</li>
</ol>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Lymphocele Pictures/ Images</h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZLxoAqDx2PSIFdYQds7UNGf47eY69Pi4i3vIsKiPHlMoGwwHxIcjNkJz4gwUZCZLqnOUBsYqQvwyjX7PtBCWV3VvfBeL4QK3y7lusvvUJYi2GWbB33tskAj_b5W9rjzuC09nOznfjqBq-/s1600/lymphocele+on+penile+shaft+pictures.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="322" data-original-width="477" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZLxoAqDx2PSIFdYQds7UNGf47eY69Pi4i3vIsKiPHlMoGwwHxIcjNkJz4gwUZCZLqnOUBsYqQvwyjX7PtBCWV3VvfBeL4QK3y7lusvvUJYi2GWbB33tskAj_b5W9rjzuC09nOznfjqBq-/s320/lymphocele+on+penile+shaft+pictures.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: red;"><b><u>lymphocele on penile shaft pictures</u></b></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Lymphocele Symptoms</h3>
The lymphocele symptoms would vary on the area of affectation. Here are the following presentations of lymphocele:<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Fistula formation is likely to occur. The area affected will have the lymphatic drainage that shall contain a soft cyst which is fluid-filled. This may occur from the day of the operation or for about days and even months after the procedure.</li>
<li>Abdominal lymphocele would present progressive abdominal symptoms such as distention and discomfort. Usually, the patient shall complain of pain which may be accompanied by feelings of nausea or vomiting that would take for about days and even weeks. As distention is present, the patient shall be positive with fluid wave, which primarily indicates for ascites.</li>
<li>When the lungs or chest is involved the patient shall experience respiratory symptoms. There shall be decreased breath sounds when the lungs are involved. This may also indicate for presence of fluid composition that breathing difficulties may come about as the condition progresses.</li>
</ol>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Lymphocele Diagnosis</h3>
There are several tests that help in the diagnosis of the problem. The following tests are involved in lymphocele formation and their significance:<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Ultrasound. This is one of the traditional tests for lymphocele.</li>
<li>CT scan. This shall also confirm for the presence of the abnormal formations of lymphocele. Specific CT scans can truly verify for the presence of the fluid that is involved in the development of disease process.</li>
<li>Chest X-ray. This shall also help in the presence of infiltrations of the lungs and as well as presence of effusion.</li>
<li>Lymphoscintigraphy. This is a test that shall confirm for the presence of the yellowish drainage with lymphatic origin.</li>
<li>Measure fat and protein content. The test shall support for development of lymphocele when the presence of chyle is identified. Chyle is fat content that is highly related to the condition. Anemia may occur or accompany such condition. Presence of inflammation can be noted with a complete blood count.</li>
</ol>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Lymphocele Treatment - How to get rid of lymphocele</h3>
The management for lymphocele can be difficult at times. There are certain differences especially when a certain part of the body is affected. This shall also depend on the severity of the condition and also the duration that it has come about. The following are some helpful remedies for lymphocele:<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li>Provide bed rest. This can enhance the client’s wellness and also induce him or her to take care of one’s health. While resting, it is advised that the patient shall elevate the legs, most especially if the causative-procedure involves the pelvic area.</li>
<li>Care of the wound or lesion from the operation that has caused the condition is a must. Infection should be avoided. This can be prevented with the use of intravenous antibiotics.</li>
<li>Diet. There shall be an alteration of one’s diet. The affected shall limit intake of fat, high intake of protein foods.</li>
<li>Respiratory support. When there is involvement of the respiratory system, one may or may need the assistance of thoracostomy.</li>
<li>If the condition is not controlled, it may be necessary to do another operation aimed for the relief of lymphocele. Surgical intervention may indeed be indicated as there shall be ligation of the lymphatic formation.</li>
</ol>
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ramuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17161124963688645220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5102229176468552636.post-91974609147739582112017-12-29T08:12:00.000-08:002017-12-30T06:43:08.456-08:00What is Neural Foraminal Stenosis (bilateral, mild, moderate, severe) Treatment<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
What is Neural Foraminal Stenosis?</h3>
Neural foraminal stenosis is a spinal disorder characterized by narrowing of the foramen or the spinal canal through which the nerves are passing through the spinal cord. The condition is due to the constriction in the foramen results in restriction of the spinal cord causing neurological deficit.<br />
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Pain perceived in people suffering from neural foraminal stenosis is due to the pressure put on the nerve as the foramen is narrowed.<br />
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Foramen is an opening in any part of the body that allows the nerves, arteries and muscles to connect from one part of the body to another. The occurrence of disc degeneration or when the disc herniated, the spinal cord cannot pass through.<br />
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The condition is common in older people as the quality of bone structures degenerate due to the aging process. The condition of neural foraminal stenosis is common to people over 50 years of age however, stenosis can also be of inherited condition wherein stenosis is related to birth defect of spinal canal smaller than usual.<br />
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The symptom of pain may occur although in some cases pain is uncommon. The onset of pain however is gradual or while the condition is progressing.<br />
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Symptoms of this condition depend on the location of the stenosis although common symptoms include pain, tingling sensation, weakness and numbness as a result of compression on the nerves.<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Neural Foraminal Stenosis Pictures</h3>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Mild neural foraminal stenosis</h3>
This condition of spinal narrowing is commonly associated with natural aging process. It is not necessarily symptomatic and usually completely relieves undetected.<br />
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Manifestation of symptoms occur when mild foraminal stenosis is due to impingement and irritation of the nerves in the foramen, an individual can experience symptoms such as localized pain on the affected side, pain is radiating along the nerves to another part of the body, tingling in the extremities and stiffness.<br />
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Muscle weakness or may also occur unexpectedly. Moderate treatment is required in mild foraminal stenosis. Marked pain relief and reduced nerve compression is achieved through therapeutic medications such as anti-inflammatory, muscle relaxant and hot compress.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Moderate neural foraminal stenosis</h3>
Moderate neural foraminal stenosis refers to the gradual constriction of the foramina in the spinal column as a result of compression of the nerve. The gradual constriction is a result of collected deteriorated materials from disc, bone and soft tissues that occur over the years.<br />
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The collected debris clogging the spinal canal can lead to irritation and impingement of the nerve and symptoms may be experienced depending on the location of stenosis. Symptoms may include localized pain, muscle weakness and spasm.<br />
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The goal of treating moderate foraminal stenosis is pain relief and decompressing compressed nerve.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Severe neural foraminal stenosis</h3>
Severe neural foraminal stenosis is a degenerative spine condition causing significant back pain and neck pain. The constriction of the foramen is a result of natural wear and tear of the spine. The constriction may also be exacerbated by injury, displacement and deterioration.<br />
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The development of stenosis is gradual but can get worse with injury. Wide variety of symptoms can be experienced such as localized pain, numbness, cramping and travelling pain including numbness and tingling in the extremities.<br />
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Treatment of severe foraminal stenosis is difficult as the condition is the result of deterioration over the years. Conservative noninvasive approach is given to remedy or relieve pain usually with pain medication, epidural injections, physical treatment and vertebral manipulation.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Cervical neural foraminal stenosis</h3>
Cervical neural foraminal stenosis is one of the two types of stenosis that is more dangerous as the compression involves the spinal cord. This type of stenosis may arise without any disc herniation and the occurrence is due to the enlargement of a joint in the spinal canal.<br />
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A root on one side is the cause of majority of symptoms of this stenosis. The pain associated with this stenosis develops slowly and may develop over the years. Pain anticipated is not continuous and may be involved with certain activities and position.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Lumbar neural foraminal stenosis</h3>
This is the second type of stenosis that is more common and occurs in the lower back. Constriction of this type of stenosis is at the lower back resulting to difficulty in walking as the increased pain is perceived in the legs.<br />
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Pain is relieved when at rest or in a comfortable position. The symptoms of stenosis develop overtime and patient affected are usually at 50 years of age and over. The symptoms however may come and go. The most common symptoms of lumbar stenosis are sciatica, claudication, tingling, weakness and numbness radiating from lower back to buttocks and legs.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Multilevel neural foraminal stenosis</h3>
Multilevel neural foraminal stenosis involves more than one neural foramen. For instance, lower vertebra is followed by stenosis on the upper level. The goal of treatment for this type of stenosis is pain relief through repair of degenerative disc.<br />
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Surgery is the usual mode of treatment after careful diagnosis of multilevel stenosis if pain relief is not achieved through noninvasive measures.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Causes</h3>
The common cause of neural foraminal stenosis is disc degeneration as a result of natural aging process. Aging process causes the discs to become herniated or bulge narrowing the foramen.<br />
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Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are factors in causing stenosis. Foramen narrowing may also arise as congenital result that is inherited or through environmental factors. Different types of trauma may also cause stenosis as a result of collected materials or debris from injury.<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Treatment</h3>
Treating neural foraminal stenosis depends on symptoms and noninvasive measure is the common approach. Pain relief is the goal of treatment including repair of degenerative disease. Noninvasive measures may include:<br />
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Physical therapy –</b> therapy program is designed in restoring the flexibility of neck and back to improve strength, flexibility and good posture to relieve the symptoms.<br /> </li>
<li><b>Medication –</b> anti-inflammatory drugs and muscle relaxants is often the first step in managing symptoms depending on the severity of the condition.<br /> </li>
<li><b>Epidural steroid injection –</b> is given depending on the severity of the condition.</li>
</ul>
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ramuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17161124963688645220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5102229176468552636.post-5251166415512583982017-12-29T07:57:00.002-08:002017-12-30T06:43:03.699-08:00River Blindness (Onchocerciasis) - Symptoms, Causes and Treatment<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
What is River Blindness (Onchocerciasis)?</h3>
Onchocerciasis is a parasitic disease caused by an infection with Onchocerca volvulus that commonly thrives in rivers that the resulting blindness is also referred to as river blindness.<br />
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Infection with Onchocerca volvulus is endemic in South Africa and was later on reported to be occurring in Yemen and some isolated areas of Central and South America.<br />
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<b>Onchocerciasis is transmitted</b> in human through bites from black fireflies commonly breeding in swiftly flowing rivers. The cycle of infection begins with human host infected with prelarval forms called microfilariae. The microfilariae will develop into larva and is then transmitted to another person through bite of black fly carrying the larva.<br />
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The transmitted larvae will migrate to the subcutaneous tissue and will undergo two more molts and take the form of a nodule as they mature into adult worms over the period of 6 to 12 months. Male and female worms can reproduce up to a thousand of microfilaria a day. This microfilaria will migrate to the skin during the day where it could be ingested by female fly that feeds at daytime.<br />
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<u><b>Onchocerciasis is regarded as the second-leading infectious disease causing blindness.</b></u> Prolonged exposure to fly bites and parasite introduction will put one potentially at high risk for the disease. Infection alone will not lead to death but the reduction in immunity of the host is at risk for resistance to other disease that can reduce life expectancy.<br />
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Symptoms</h3>
Single bite from black fly will not necessarily produce symptoms of onchocerciasis. Prolonged exposure to fly bites will lead to the disease that the prevalence is high to inhabitants near swiftly flowing rivers where the flies breed. Manifestation of infection occurs when microfilariae dies and releases Wolbachia symbionts triggering a host immune system response causing severe itching and can destroy the optical tissue of the eyes.<br />
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Symptoms of Onchocerciasis are reflective of the developmental stage of the parasite and the degree of immune response of the host. Prepatent phase starts from initial infection until occurrence of symptoms that manifest between 9 months to 24 months from acquisition of infection.<br />
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Skin involvement characterized by general pruritus occur in early infection and onchodermatitis or popular rash may also occur which is initially transient in characteristic and becomes chronic over the years. Skin involvement is categorized according to degree and these are:<br />
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<li>Acute papular onchodermatitis described with scattered pruritic papules</li>
<li>Skin atrophy characterized by loss of elasticity or resembling the lizard skin</li>
<li>Chronic papular onchodermatitis described as larger papules causing hyperpigmentation</li>
<li>Depigmentation usually occur in the anterior lower leg resembling leopard skin</li>
<li>Lichenified onchodermatitis characterized with hyperpigmentation of papules and plaques associated with edema, pruritus and secondary bacterial infections</li>
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Lymph nodes become inflamed and swollen including those under the genital area. These nodules containing the adult worm can be seen and felt under the skin.<br />
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Skin changes due to onchocerciasis may be described as follows:<br />
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<li><b>Leopard skin </b>– spotted skin depigmentation similar to that of the leopards</li>
<li><b>Elephant skin </b>– thickening of the human skin</li>
<li><b>Lizard skin</b> – thickened and wrinkled skin</li>
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Ocular onchocerciasis involves any part of the eye such as conjunctive, cornea, uvea, posterior segment, retina and the optic nerve. Early symptoms of ocular involvement are itchiness and redness of the eyes and may also include photophobia. Visual loss and blindness occurs over the years as the scarring progresses.<br />
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Inflammatory response of the dying microfilariae and Wolbachia agents results to punctuate keratitis which may result to corneal fibrosis and opacification in advance case.<br />
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Causes</h3>
Onchocerciasis is caused by Onchocera volvulus infection transmitted by infected Similium flies thriving in the areas surrounded with swiftly flowing river and stream. The spread to humans is carried out by female black flies carrying microfilariae through biting one person to another.<br />
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A person can get infected through long exposure with black fly bite that people living near or within the areas of breeding ground of black flies are highly at risk of being infected.<br />
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Diagnosis</h3>
The condition of onchocerciasis may be determined through the following method:<br />
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<b>Skin-snip biopsy. </b>The test is done by obtaining skin sample from patient to determine the existence of microfilariae.<br />
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<b>ELISA test.</b> This is an immunodiagnosis carried out through combination of 3 antigens tried in blood sample of the patient. This test can determine O. volvulus infection.<br />
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<b>DEC patch test. </b>This test is based on Mazzoti principle through application of DEC in cream base to elicit localized cutaneous reaction and result is gained within 2 hours.<br />
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<b>Slit lamp. </b>This is a method of determining microfilariae in the ocular infection of O. volvulus.<br />
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Treatment</h3>
The goal of treating onchocerciasis is to eliminate the microfilarial stage of the disease to improve symptoms, eliminate progression of eye lesions and most importantly, to prevent or interrupt transmission or spread of the disease.<br />
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<b>Ivermectin.</b> This is a drug of choice used for treating onchocerciasis. It is given orally and is well tolerated. The dosage recommended for this treatment is once every six months until the symptoms appeased. Repeated dosage may be recommended for an interval of 3-12 months for the next 10 to 12 years.<br />
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<b>Doxycycline.</b> This is an antibiotic drug that can kill the Wolbachia bacteria thriving in adult worms. Significant decrease in the microfilarial loads in the host has been shown with the use of this therapy.<br />
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Prevention</h3>
Preventing onchocerciasis endemic in a population requires eradication of the fly vector and spread of the disease. Control programs utilized larvicide in eliminating the population of black fly thriving in the fast-moving rivers and streams.<br />
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Mass treatment of Ivermectin is given regularly for those affected with the disease to treat and control the spread of the disease.<br />
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People in the areas with heavy infestation can prevent and avoid the disease through use of insect repellants. Wearing of long sleeve shirts and pants and head nets are encouraged for outdoor activity in areas with infestation.</div>
ramuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17161124963688645220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5102229176468552636.post-58558213136719644482017-12-15T10:48:00.002-08:002017-12-30T06:42:53.339-08:00Perinephric Stranding (fat) Definition and Ultrasound<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Definition</h3>
Perinephric stranding is the attenuation of soft tissues in the perinephric space. It is the manifestation of an increased pressure within the collecting system in the early phase of ureteral obstruction.<br />
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Perinephric space is a compartment that contains the kidney, adrenal gland, perinephric fat, fibrous bridging septa and a rich network of perineal vessel and lymphatics. Perinephric is a connective fatty tissue that surrounds the kidney. It is an adipose capsule of kidney which is a structure between the renal fascia and renal capsule.<br />
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Perinephric space is divided into multiple compartments by fibrous lamellae. These lamellae are known as the bridging septa where some of these structures arise from the renal capsule and extend to the perinephric fascia. Other structures of the bridging septa are attached only to the renal capsule arranged parallel to the renal surface.<br />
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Causes and Pathophysiology</h3>
Perinephric stranding involves mostly the urinary system especially the kidney. Stranding is known to have result from any acute process of any form of injury to the kidney.<br />
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The urinary system composed of the kidney, bladder, ureters and urethra. These components are integral in regulating the fluids and electrolytes and acid-base composition of body fluid. The urinary system is also vital in removing the metabolic end products from the blood and regulates blood pressure.<br />
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Disruption in the urinary system will lead to various diseases and disorders as it affects the whole functioning system of the body. Acute process and any form of injury to the kidney resulting to perinephric stranding include:<br />
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Perinephric Abscess</h3>
Infection of the kidney from any offending organism such as Staphylococcus or from hematogenous infection can result to renal abscess extending into the fatty tissue surrounding the kidney. The perinephric abscess is a collection of purulent material in the perinephric space or the kidneys. Onset of manifestation is acute and characterized with chills, fever, and leukocytosis, dull or palpable mass in the flank and abdominal pain with tenderness on palpation.<br />
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The abscess is located between the capsule of the kidney and the Gerota fascia in which the abscess remained confined. About 30% of perinephric abscess resulted from hematogenous infection of organisms from other site or distal site of infection from other part of the body. Rupture of infection through the Gerota fascia leads to perinephric abscess and even perirenal hematoma can also lead to perinephric abscess.<br />
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Management of perinephric abscess is through incision and drainage of the abscess by insertion in the perinephric space until all significant drainage has stopped. Antimicrobial therapy is also prescribed and patient is monitored for sepsis, fluid input and output and the general response of the patient to the treatment.<br />
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Ureteral Obstruction</h3>
This is a potentially curable form of kidney disease that is a common cause of acute and chronic renal failure as a result of obstruction in the urinary system.<br />
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Perinephric stranding is a manifestation of an increased intraluminal ureteral pressure as a result of obstruction in the urinary tract at any level. Increased hydrostatic pressure is directly transmitted to nephron tubules with prolonged period of urinary obstruction. Significant pain is associated with most of obstructive uropathies and with sudden decreased in the urine flow which should alert health professionals for further evaluation and treatment. The increased pressure in the collecting system is evident through palpable kidney or bladder in the early phase of ureteral obstruction.<br />
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The goal of treatment and management for ureteral obstruction is the reestablishment of the urinary flow and begin treatment of life-threatening complications.<br />
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Renal Trauma</h3>
The kidneys are normally protected by the rib cage and musculature of the back posteriorly and anteriorly by the cushion of the abdominal wall and viscera. The kidneys are highly mobile and fixed only at the renal pedicle. Traumatic injury can potentially thrust the kidney against the lower ribs which may result to contusion and rupture.<br />
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Various forms of injuries in the flank, back or upper abdomen can subject the kidneys to bruising, lacerations or actual rupture of the kidney. The injury may be blunt, such as motor vehicle accident, falls and athletic injury, or it may be penetrating such as gunshot wound or stab wound. Massive bleeding can occur even with a fairly small renal laceration as the kidneys receive half of the blood flow from the abdominal aorta.<br />
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The immediate management for renal trauma is control of hemorrhage, pain and infection and to preserve and restore renal function to maintain urinary drainage.<br />
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Diagnosis</h3>
Spiral CT Scan is the imaging modality of choice in diagnosing perinephric stranding as well as in studying and imaging suspected urinary calculi. The advantage of this imaging mode is in accuracy and rapidness in imaging abdomen in a single procedure.<br />
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Thin images and small stones can be obtained and identified with Spiral CT Scan with the elimination of risk in contrast reaction. The imaging can be performed in less than five minutes obtaining visual of the entire genitourinary tract system including the opposite kidney.<br />
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Perinephric stranding is more identified and obtained through Spiral CT Scan which is less commonly seen in intravenous pyelogram.<br />
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Treatment</h3>
Treatment of perinephric stranding depends on the existing underlying condition. Perinephric stranding is a clinical manifestation arising from any acute process of the urinary system and an injury to the kidney in any form.<br />
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Preservation and restoration of renal function to gain and maintain optimal health is the purpose of treatment and management. Prevention of life-threatening complication is also geared in treatment and management.<br />
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Accurate diagnosis must be obtained prior to administration of therapeutic medication and other medical therapy or procedures to achieve the goal for a continued well being of the patient.</div>
ramuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17161124963688645220noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5102229176468552636.post-62154407825344430132017-12-15T07:25:00.001-08:002017-12-30T06:42:57.929-08:00Hippocampus - Definition, Anatomy, Physiology and Memory<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Hippocampus Definition</h3>
Hippocampus is a component of the brain belonging to the limbic system. It is a major component of the brain with a very important role in consolidating information in short-term memory and long-term memory and spatial navigation.<br />
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Hippocampus Anatomy</h3>
Hippocampus is located in the medial temporal lobe and one of the components that makes up the edge of the cerebral cortex called limbic system. It is anatomically connected to the part of the brain that is responsible for emotional behavior.<br />
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The shape of the hippocampus is very similar to that of the sea horse forming a curved tube. The name hippocampus was derived from its distinct shape similar to the sea horse. The comparison of hippocampus formation with the sea horse was first described by Venetian anatomist Julius Ceasar<br />
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Aranzi in 1587. The structure was first illustrated in 1729 by German anatomist Duvernoy.<br />
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The banana shaped structure is an appendage to the neocortex through a major gateway called enthorinal cortex. Hippocampus is a paired structure with two identical halves located on the left and right side of the brain. It is where different neuronal structures are neatly organized.<br />
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Hippocampus Functions</h3>
The main function of hippocampus is coordinating long-term memory, such as those related to personal events, and functions in spatial navigation.<br />
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The hippocampus communicates with all parts of the neocortex through the enthorinal cortex. It was believed that hippocampus was also responsible for the olfaction although it was proven false.<br />
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Hippocampus Memory (Mention Loss Formation and Storage)</h3>
Hippocampus is vital in the formation of new autobiographical memory and facts memory. It serves as a gateway through which a memory must pass prior to permanent memory storage.<br />
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Memories are not only a single aspect of experience but also include a lot of information such as those of learned information. The consolidation of memory takes place in many organizational levels of the brain where cellular changes and molecular changes take place within the first minute of information gathering leading to structural and functional changes in the sets of neurons.<br />
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Any damage or injury to the brain that can affect the hippocampus will affect the formation of new declarative memories as the hippocampus can no longer nor has the inability to connect with the mnemonic information that is distributed to the neurocortex before the memory can be consolidated.<br />
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A common form of dementia called Alzheimer’s disease is one form of brain disease affecting the brain function in controlling thought, memory and language. Hippocampus is also sensitive to global reduction in oxygen or global hypoxia.<br />
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Hippocampus Spatial Memory and Navigation</h3>
Spatial memory is described as cognitive process that enables an individual in recognizing different places and spatial relations between objects.<br />
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<b>The function of spatial memory</b> is in recording information of environmental perception including spatial orientation. Spatial memory is one of the main functions of the hippocampus.<br />
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The consolidation of spatial memory and navigation enables an individual in traversing a direction. Spatial memory is dependent on the integrity of the hippocampus.<br />
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Hippocampus is theorized as cognitive map as a representation of layout of the environment. The cognitive map of environment enables an individual in maneuvering his direction towards a certain location. Evidence also showed that hippocampus plays a role in finding shorter routes in familiar places.<br />
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It is also evident through brain imaging that hippocampi are more active when correctly navigating.<br />
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Hippocampus Physiology</h3>
Hippocampus has two major modes of activity each with a distinct pattern of neural population activity and waves of electrical activity measured with a use of electroencephalogram. The modes are named after the EEG pattern theta and large irregular activity (LIA).<br />
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Theta modes are recognized during alert behavior, state of activity and during rapid eye movement or REM in sleep. Hippocampus generates the largest EEG signal in any of the brain structure. This EEG pattern in travelling mode is known as the theta rhythm.<br />
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Large irregular activity or LIA mode can be recognized during state of waking immobility and slow-wave sleep or the non-dreaming sleep.<br />
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Theta and large irregular activity modes can both be seen in primates as well as with the rats. The exception is in the difficulty to recognize robust theta rhythm in the hippocampus of primates.</div>
ramuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17161124963688645220noreply@blogger.com0